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Research Article | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/2637-8914/126
Department of Agriculture and Plant Breeding, Khoy Branch, Azad Islamic University, Khoy, Iran.
*Corresponding Author: Mehdi Zohdi Aghdam, Department of Agriculture and Plant Breeding, Khoy Branch, Azad Islamic University, Khoy, Iran.
Citation: Mehdi Z. Aghdam., (2023), The Effect of Stopping Irrigation, Potassium and low Consumption Elements on Growth Indicators of Fodder Corn, J. Nutrition and Food Processing, 6(3); DOI:10.31579/2637-8914/126
Copyright: © 2023, Mehdi Zohdi Aghdam. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Received: 13 February 2023 | Accepted: 27 April 2023 | Published: 05 May 2023
Keywords: potassium; drought stress; fodder corn and low consumption elements
In order to investigate the effect of irrigation, potassium and low-use elements on the growth indicators of fodder corn 704, a study in 2022 in the form of split-split plots in the form of a basic randomized complete block design in three replications at the city of urmia was implemented. Irrigation treatment as the main factor in two levels (full irrigation and interruption of irrigation), potassium consumption as a secondary factor in two levels (no consumption and consumption of 200 kg/ha of potassium) and low-consumption elements as a secondary factor in three levels. (non-use, soil use and foliar spraying were low-use elements). Plant height, fresh fodder yield, stem and leaf dry weight, biological yield, flag leaf area, ear length and diameter, proline and leaf relative water content were studied. According to the results, the main effects of irrigation interruption were significant in reducing plant height, flag leaf area, ear length, fresh fodder yield, stem and leaf dry weight, and increasing proline. Potassium consumption had a significant effect in increasing plant height, biological yield, ear length and diameter, proline, and also reducing stem dry weight. The three-way interaction effect of irrigation interruption, potassium consumption and soil consumption of low consumption elements significantly increased leaf dry weight by 20% and proline by 0.34%. But in the condition of stopping irrigation and using potassium, the non-use of low-use elements increased the relative water content of the cell by 8% compared to the foliar application of low-use elements. Therefore, in the conditions of drought stress, the use of potassium together with low-use elements has improved the mentioned traits, under such conditions, the use of these elements is recommended for the cultivation of fodder corn in the region.
Corn is a fodder plant with high dry matter yield, which can be used as silage for feeding livestock. The nutritional and fodder properties of this plant are at an optimal level, and the high protein content of corn in Increasing the importance of this forage plant is effective Imanzadeh et al., (2014). Drought is one of the most important abiotic stresses that reduces the production of agricultural products and the efficiency of using arid and semi-arid lands (Fattahi et al, 2020). The role of nutrients in plant nutrition is well demonstrated when other elements needed by the plant are provided to the plant in a balanced manner. On the other hand, insufficient nutrients increase plant resistance to some pests and diseases and environmental stresses (Kholdbrin and Eslamzadeh, 2006). Vazin., (2012) showed that the biological performance significantly decreased compared to the non-stressed condition by applying drought stress on corn. According to the report of Khalili Mahalle et al., (2004), the corn leaf surface decreases with the application of moisture stress during the reproductive stage. Hassanzadeh Moghadam and Afshar (2006) reported a significant effect of moisture stress on the reduction of cob length and cob diameter in research on hybrid corns 704 and 700. Atteya (2003) during an experiment by creating stress conditions in different stages of vegetative and reproductive growth of corn showed that stress had a significant effect on the relative water content of the cell and the stage of tassle emergence is more sensitive to water scarcity than other reproductive stages. Mohammad-Khani and Haidari (2008) showed that the amount of proline in the root and shoot of two corn cultivars 704 and 301 increased significantly after stress caused by polyethylene glycol. Ghahfarohki et al., (2004) found that the characteristics of seed yield, biological yield, ear diameter and ear length were affected by drought stress in vegetative growth and flowering stages. Khalili et al., (2004) during an experiment by investigating the effects of spraying low-use elements on the yield and yield components of corn 704, came to the conclusion that the combined use of manganese, zinc and iron fertilizers caused more grain production in the corn., plant height, diameter corn., the height of the corn. from the ground and the length of the corn. Rahimi and Mazaheri (2008) in Yasuj Azad University, during an experiment, investigated the morphological response and performance of corn to the chemical compounds of iron and copper and stated that the effect of spraying the above elements on plant height, leaf area index, cob length, cob diameter and seed protein was significant. Leblanc et al., (1997) stated that the application of zinc as foliar application or soil application had a significant effect on increasing corn yield. The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the effect of potassium consumption and low consumption elements of iron, zinc and manganese under drought stress conditions on the growth and yield indicators of fodder corn 704.
This experiment was carried out in the crop year of 2022 as a second crop and with the aim of producing fodder in the village of Sari-Beglou, in the functions of Urmia city, at an altitude of 1323 meters above sea level, with a geographic longitude of 37 degrees, 41 minutes and 27 seconds north and a geographic latitude of 45 degrees, 8 It was performed at 1 minute and 33 seconds. Table 1 shows the geological characteristics of the project implementation area.
Table 1: shows the physicochemical characteristics of soil
The experiment was carried out in the form of double-sliced plots in the form of a basic design of completely randomized blocks in three replications, and the factors of the experiment included the following in order:
A: drought stress in the form of interruption of irrigation as the main factor including : a1: full irrigation, a2: stop irrigation in two stages: before the appearance of the tassel in the vegetative stage and at the time of seed filling.
B: Use of potassium fertilizer as a sub-factor including: b1: no use of potassium, b2: use of 200 kg per hectare of potassium from the source of potassium sulfate.
C: A mixture of fertilizers with low consumption of iron, manganese and zinc as sub-sub-factor including: c1: lack of use, c2: soil use and c3: solution spraying.
The seed used, Hybrid Single Cross 704, was obtained from Dasht Kabudan Company under the supervision of the Ministry of Jihad Agriculture and was cultivated by hand on July 12, 2022. The distance between plants was 25 cm and the distance between rows was 50 cm. Fertilizers used in this experiment were:
100 kilograms per hectare of nitrogen from the source of urea as a base fertilizer in two stages at the same time with vegetative growth (time of five to six leaves) and the time of tassel emergence. Potassium from the source of potassium sulfate in the amount of 200 kilograms per hectare in the form of soil application and at the time of planting, iron sulfate, manganese sulfate and zinc sulfate in the amount of 100, 100 and 60 kg/ha respectively in the form of soil application and with a concentration of five per thousand They were used as a solution spray. Soil application of low-use elements was done simultaneously with planting and spraying of these elements in two stages before the appearance of tassel and during seeding. According to the results of soil tests, there was no need to use phosphorus in this project. The traits measured in the experiment on five plants selected from each plot are as follows:
1- Stem height: It was reported in centimeters.
2- Fresh fodder yield: It was calculated by sampling and measuring the fresh weight of all plants in kilograms per hectare.
3- Dry weight of stems and leaves: The average dry weight of organs in the oven for 72 hours at 70 degrees Celsius for the organs was calculated separately in terms of kilograms per hectare.
4- Biological performance: It has been obtained by drying all the plants in an oven at a temperature of 70 degrees Celsius in 72 hours and in terms of kilograms per hectare.
5- The area of the flag leaf: The length of the broadest part of the leaf facing the spikes was measured and averaged, and the following formula was used to calculate the area of the leaf in square centimeters.
leaf area=0.75 × length × width
6- Corn length: It was reported in centimeters.
7- Ear diameter: measured by calipers and their average was reported in centimeters.
8- Proline: It was measured using the method of Batts and colleagues (1973).
9- The relative water content of the cell (RWC): was calculated using the following equation.
RWC = (F.W-D.W) / (T.W-D.W) ×100
In the mentioned relationship, TW, D.W, and F.W represent the fresh weight, dry weight, and whole leaf weight, respectively. The obtained data were analyzed using Mintab 14 software and the averages were compared using Duncan's multi-range test.
Plant height: The interaction effect of potassium × low-consumption elements and potassium × irrigation interruption on plant height was significant (Table 2). The height of the plant under the conditions of moisture stress has decreased by 11% compared to the conditions without stress (Table 3). The use of potassium in treatments under drought stress has caused a 10% increase in plant height. The effect of the combined use of low-use elements and potassium was effective in increasing the height of the plant, especially if the low-use elements were used in the form of soil (Table 4). Zinc deficiency causes shortening of the length between the nodes and as a result the height of the plant decreases (Foth et al., 1999). Sah and Zamoureh (2005) also stated in their research that the height of the plant decreases with the application of drought stress.
Yield of fresh fodder: Stopping irrigation had a significant effect on the yield of fresh fodder (Table 2). With the application of stress, the yield of fresh fodder decreased by 13% (Table 3). Campose et al., (2004) showed a decrease in the yield of fresh forage under drought stress conditions.
Stem dry weight: The interaction effects of irrigation interruption × potassium, irrigation interruption × low consumption elements and potassium × low consumption elements on stem dry weight were significant (Table 2). Under the conditions of drought stress, the dry weight of the stem decreased by about 2000 kg per hectare, and with the use of potassium, this decrease decreased by 50% (Table 3). By spraying the solution of low consumption elements, the effect of stress was partially compensated and the amount of dry weight of the stem increased. Soil consumption of low-consumption elements along with potassium was effective in increasing this index (Table 4). Chimenti et al., (1997) reported that applying stress 20 days before flowering in corn was effective in reducing dry matter and corn yield. Lack of water by shortening the effective growth of the stem, reducing the synthesis of photosynthetic substances and as a result reducing the transport of these substances causes less accumulation of these substances in the stem.
Leaf dry weight: The interaction effect of three experimental factors on leaf dry weight was significant (Table 2). Applying stress caused a decrease of about 430 kg/ha in the dry weight of leaves, but with the use of potassium, this decrease was reduced by 50% (Table 3). Spraying the solution of low-consumption elements along with the interruption of irrigation partially compensated the effects of leaf dry weight reduction and increased the leaf dry weight (Table 4). Spraying the solution of low-consumption elements was more effective in the conditions of interruption of irrigation and no consumption of potassium and increased the dry weight of leaves (Table 5). Gupta et al., (1996) reported that zinc element increases the amount of dry matter of corn. Biological performance: All bilateral interactions had a significant effect on biological performance (Table 2). The use of potassium along with the interruption of irrigation and the soil application of low consumption elements along with the interruption of irrigation resulted in the increase of this index. Along with potassium fertilization and soil application of low-use elements, biological performance increased (Table 4). Sepehri et al. (2002) also reported a significant decrease in biological yield with the application of moisture stress during the vegetative growth period of corn. Flag leaf area: Irrigation interruption and also the interaction effect of irrigation interruption × low consumption elements on corn leaf area was significant (Table 2). The applied stress caused a 10
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