AUCTORES
Globalize your Research
SHORT COMMUNICATION | DOI: https://doi.org/
*Corresponding Author:
Citation:
Copyright: © 2018. Rae.Z.H.Aliyev. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Received: 30 November -0001 | Accepted: 01 January 1970 | Published: 01 January 1970
Keywords: Duration, Drought, Wind Spa, Local Moistening;, Loss, Drip Irrigation, Etc.
The article examines the issues of studying the world experience and the results of many years of experiments in various countries on the applicability of low-intensity irrigation systems in various climatic and soil conditions shows that the creation of irrigation systems of this type is an effective and economically viable irrigation of various types of crops: perennial plantings, orchards, vineyards, forest plantations, shrub farms as soil protection means, grain-legumes, vegetables, ridge crops and technical crops, ornamental plantations, goons, nurseries and others. The low-intensity system (drip irrigation, micro sprinkling, aerosol irrigation, subsoil and inektsionnoy irrigation, etc. which has almost universal application, in particular, it is applicable where the use of other methods irrigation is impossible or ineffective: 1. in difficult terrain and large lot slope (up to 45 degrees or more); 2. In areas with prolonged drought and strong winds; 3..-water resources in local with a relatively limited amount of water; 4.on soils with low power and very low or high Hygroscopicity;5. On soils prone to salinization;6. When used for irrigation water with high content of water-soluble salts, etc.
In recent years both in the republic, and in the CIS and far abroad, the development of stationary systems of low-intensity irrigation, consisting of micro-irrigation, pulse sprinkling of self-oscillating action, aerosol irrigation, combined microhumidification, drip, pulse-drop and others. This is due to the fact that the system of low-intensity irrigation has a number of significant advantages over other methods of irrigation. Especially promising is the creation of automated sprinkling systems with pulsed apparatuses, micro-incendiaries of the combined, step-type micro-idlers of the rocker type, pulse-dropping devices of self-oscillating action, etc. It should be noted that these systems can reduce the capital costs of their construction, also provide the principle of both "sprinkling" and "drip irrigation" with daily water consumption of plants. That is, to create optimal conditions for the growth and development of plants in the period of their vegetation.
The basis for intensification of agriculture in the mountainous and Piedmont areas of the Republic are based mainly with the development of horticulture and viticulture in these regions is mining and irrigated agriculture. While here, from among the technology intensity of irrigation is used extensively drip irrigation systems.[1] Note that in drip irrigation technology principle of continuous supply of water plants in accordance with the progress of water consumption, taking into account the possibility of technical means and the nature of soil moisture. This is a daily compensation water loss through evaporation and support optimum humidity in a given circuit soil moisture. [1, 4, 5]
Under drip irrigation water use efficiency is 85-95%.
Drip irrigation provides a high yield per unit volume of water consumption. Under this irrigation the soil supported the most favorable air and nutrient regime for plant development. Thanks to the productivity of all cultures compared to conventional sprinkler systems increased by 40-60% and more.[2] Especially the significant increase in yield is observed under irrigation of vegetable and melon crops.
Due to the fact that under drip irrigation fertilizers and pesticides are made locally in small quantities and in the desired time frame, good absorption and achieved great savings in them. Drip irrigation technology includes water supply mode in accordance with water consumption culture.
Water supply mode depends on the rules of the dates and duration of irrigation for irrigation period, the zone, flow, hydration number of drips and location schemes of water-physical properties of the soil. [3,4 ]
While very effective is the use of drip irrigation system in intensive technologies of cultivation of agricultural and ornamental plants, as well as the gardens when the State of the plants depend to a large extent on the accuracy maintain humidity conditions and diet. Drip irrigation is only a limited part of the soil surface without surface run-off or water filtration in the deeper layers of the soil. Drip irrigation allows you to maintain the same humidity root living layer during the entire growing period at an optimum level without significant variations, characteristic for other methods of irrigation. When the soil is carried out through the capillary hydration. This saved the optimum soil water-physical properties in the root zone of plants (particularly in the critical phases of their development) and eliminates moisture loss due to surface run-off and infiltration in depth. It should be noted that this effect is more pronounced in arid climates, but also in the more humid regions of drip irrigation can substantially improve the qualitative indices of cultivated products.[2,5]
In fact, drip irrigation system as well as sprinkling system is stationary and allows you to fully automate the entire process of irrigation and power plants, which in turn leads to significant savings in labor costs. A well-designed system allows you to achieve the maximum of a uniform distribution of irrigation water and nutrients throughout the site, providing a standard development of plants and their dates of ripening, which facilitates harvesting and reduces its losses and a number of other indicators of agricultural production [5]
It should be noted that under drip irrigation water is supplied in the form of individual drops of diameter 1-2 mm or spray directly to the local area of the field and not redistributed, hydrate the soil, mainly using capillary forces.
Research objectives
Study of climatic and agronomic factors defining the types of irrigation technology under consideration do not in and of itself, but as an integral part of the technology of cropping.
The effectiveness of this technology is determined by climatic and agronomic factors. In doing so, it should be noted that inadequate accounting for these factors can lead to undesirable effects such as surface runoff and deep filtration. In order to make the process of irrigation more environmentally perfect, you must select the best irrigation technology, which would ensure the best combination of artificial and natural precipitation and maximum use of the latter.[8] A large number of options for Agro-Hydrology, climatic conditions, characteristics of the possible precipitation make assessment of irrigation technology very difficult. Output parameters to calculate the intensity and duration of rainfall and irrigation intensity of jevakotranspiracii.[1,3,7]
Daily water supply is determined in accordance with the amount of evaporation from water surface and shall be calculated by the following formula:
(m) SUT . = 10 (Evers.-h ) (K) PL . (1 )
where, (E) exec -evaporation over the previous 24 hours, mm;
(h) -precipitation, mm; (h) -utilization of rainfall;
(K) PL .-moisture ratio square.
Coefficient of moisture square. Determined from the expression:
(2)
where, S -area humidification of one plant, m; (n) -quantity of irrigation Engineering (DRIPs) on 1 ha;
Duration of supply is determined by the formula:
( 3.)
(4)
where, t SUT- the daily duration of work systems of irrigation, low-intensity per hour;
(m) SUT. -daily water supply, taking into account, bearing in mind the decision toPL., m/ha;
q -irrigation technology consumption (drips or sprinklers), l/h;
(n) -quantity of irrigation technology on 1 ha.
In formulas (3) and (4) function to (h) has significant influence to determine the technological process of irrigation;
To (h) -expresses productively used.
The use of precipitation is functionally dependent on rainfall, soil type, slope, length of rain starting soil moisture and surface condition of the soil.
Productively used precipitation characterized by utilization of rainfall. This part of precipitation is taken into account when calculating the irrigation norms and is its integral part. Taking into attention the B.H. Aliyev techniques [3] the numerical value of the coefficient used rainfall should is determined from the expression:
i
(5)
(i) = 1
where ∆ (h) -productively used precipitation, mm;
(H) -precipitation, mm. Productively used precipitation are determined by the water balance method:
(I)
∆ (h) = hk - (h) n = Σ (E)(i) (6 )
(i) = 1
where, hk - supply of moisture in the soil after a rain, mm;
Σ (E)(i) - the sum of evaporation from water surface covered for i= 1 period.
(i) = 1
The value of ∆ (h) can be considered known as humidity with regular irrigation is maintained at a constant level. in examining the technological process of watering, you must know the occurrence of groundwater. Results if the ground water table at closer to root-inhabited soil layer, the daily water supply should be determined by the following formula:
(m) d = 10 kPL [eexec. (1 kg)- Kh] (7)
where tog-coefficient of groundwater, water-physical properties of the soil and the depth distribution of root system of plants.
We offer two ways to process crop irrigation. The first method is based on the traditional method. According to this method when there is no rain daily soil moisture reserves become recharged until the desired size in accordance with the daily evaporation in the previous day. It uses the testimony of SGI isparometra-3000. At the beginning of the irrigation season and each time after rain measured initial soil moisture in any sufficiently precise method.
The second method is also based on the condition of daily filling was ground to desired values according to the preceding evaporation day the SGI isparometra indicators-3000. Here the soil moisture is determined by calculation. This method is based on theoretical and experimental dependencies by definition effective rain. Used to calculate the dependence takes into account water-physical properties of soil and rain options
(intensity, duration, etc.).
The source parameter of the technological process of watering, characterizing the soil conditions, moisture content is calculated soil layer.
According to the description of the author of the cashier's moisture layer of soil corresponding to 100% of the HB is determined from the expression:
(h) NV = 100 η n β HB (8)
where, η -volumetric mass estimated soil layer, g/cm3; n-depth of the active soil layer, m; β -soil moisture percentage by weight of dry soil;
If you consider that for heavy soil loamy humidity lower limit βmin = 80% of NV and an upper bound βm Oh = 100% HB, for these conditions is the optimal soil moisture will be determined by the following formula:
(9)
that is, for heavy soil loamy optimum humidity 90% would equal a NV., Then the moisture content calculated soil suitable optimum humidity β wholesale = 90% NV will receive the following:
(h) wholesale = 0.9 (h) NV (10)
T Akim of the same method, you can determine the optimal moisture content calculated soil for other soil conditions (light, medium, etc.).
Irrigation technology under drip irrigation should be carried out as follows.
At the beginning of the vegetation period determine the initial humidity β and the appropriate moisture content (h) 0 within the limits of the soil, while soil moisture is measured one of exact methods.
If it turns out that (h) 0 < (h) wholesale , you must before the start of the growing period irrigation preirrigation irrigation norm of conduct:
(m) = (K) PL. ( hopt. - (h) 0 ) (11)
If (h) 0 > (h) opt., the DSA vegetation glazes spend as many days later, while soil moisture reserves become (h) 0 descended to the level of (h) wholesale .
As usual vegetation watering (daily rate and duration of watering) on indicators of evapotranspiration. For this purpose use the SGI isparograf-3000. If the previous day evaporated from the soil, e.g. 5 mm of moisture, then during the day under drip irrigation of the soil served 2.5 mm (i.e. 25 m3/HA) moisture.
Pass or other ways of irrigation (sprinkling) 5 mm (or 50 m3/HA). This is because under drip irrigation is not all agricultural crops area is irrigated. Irrigated here locally only equal plots the root system of plants.
Duration of work are defined in nomogram 3.4.
In the without rainy period, this procedure is repeated every day. When rainfall, two or three days after rain measured soil moisture.
On the assumption that what is the difference between the (h) 0 and (h) opt. or the soil paid one-time irrigation norm (h)wholesale - (h) 0 (hopt > h0 ) or until the next watering the vegetation should wait for as many days as long as the soil evaporates difference, IE; (h) 0- (h)opt. ( h0 > Hopt. )
Measurement of evapotranspiration and daily watering duration are entered into a special register. Process parameters of irrigation is determined by accordance with nomograms Figure. 1-4.
These monograms are designed for heavy loam soils. Slope is assumed to be zero.
When constructing irrigation standards definition nomographs for " (m) "coefficient of moisture of soil equal 1 was adopted. This extends the scope of the monograms and other irrigation methods. It should be noted that under drip irrigation watering norms nomogram received correct value of coefficient of soil moisture, i.e.
(m) / = (k) PL * (m)
Nomographs on rice. 1-4. let people are busy with watering without making the soil moisture measurements to determine the parameters of technological process of irrigation.
For reliable determination of technological process of watering us address some specific cases, it is rainy and without rainy periods. In the without rainy period irrigations are held as follows:
When carrying out growing period irrigation irrigation standards equal to the sum of evaporation over the previous 24 hours eexec soil moisture factor.
Coefficient of moisture of soil with sprinkler amounts toPL. = 1, under drip irrigation toPL. = 0.4 i.e. drip irrigation is not the entire area is wetted.
Thus, when daily irrigation norm sprinkling equal (m) = E-flow, under drip irrigation (m) = 0.4 (e)Spanish.
In sprinkler irrigation technological parameters calculation period is as follows: using the GGI-3000 is determined by the amount of precipitation, evaporation over the previous 24 hours eexec, and duration of td rain using humidity recorder or air temperature (start and end of the rain on the Ribbon). Knowing the amount of precipitation (h) and duration of rain td you can easily determine the average intensity of rain:
(12)
Famous td and (h) using equation (3.56) you can build nomograms the intensity of the rain.
The figure 2 shows nomograms for determination of rain. T knownd intensity (i) int rain on the nomogram Figure 3 determine rainfall utilization to further using nomogrami Figure 2. on known values of k, eexec. and (h) to the desired watering rule comes to bring the soil moisture to an optimal level. Usually when rains current value was in the soil becomes more than you need, since rain soil humidity is maintained at an optimum level. The challenge is determining the current value of the accesibility of the soil after rain. While monograms on determining the intensity of rain build according to the duration of the rain against the number of atmospheric sludge. cm. Figure 1.
Figure.1. Nomogram for determining the intensity of rain
While rain increases by the value soil moisture reserves become layer effectively precipitation.Regular watering the vegetation after evaporation from soil effective rainfall.
Thus, the proposed ways to define process parameters of irrigation, allow their use in the practical maximum productive use of fallen precipitation.
For this purpose it is enough to determine the required irrigation norm and assign the required dates and duration of the system.
Clearly Auctoresonline and particularly Psychology and Mental Health Care Journal is dedicated to improving health care services for individuals and populations. The editorial boards' ability to efficiently recognize and share the global importance of health literacy with a variety of stakeholders. Auctoresonline publishing platform can be used to facilitate of optimal client-based services and should be added to health care professionals' repertoire of evidence-based health care resources.
Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Intervention The submission and review process was adequate. However I think that the publication total value should have been enlightened in early fases. Thank you for all.
Journal of Women Health Care and Issues By the present mail, I want to say thank to you and tour colleagues for facilitating my published article. Specially thank you for the peer review process, support from the editorial office. I appreciate positively the quality of your journal.
Journal of Clinical Research and Reports I would be very delighted to submit my testimonial regarding the reviewer board and the editorial office. The reviewer board were accurate and helpful regarding any modifications for my manuscript. And the editorial office were very helpful and supportive in contacting and monitoring with any update and offering help. It was my pleasure to contribute with your promising Journal and I am looking forward for more collaboration.
We would like to thank the Journal of Thoracic Disease and Cardiothoracic Surgery because of the services they provided us for our articles. The peer-review process was done in a very excellent time manner, and the opinions of the reviewers helped us to improve our manuscript further. The editorial office had an outstanding correspondence with us and guided us in many ways. During a hard time of the pandemic that is affecting every one of us tremendously, the editorial office helped us make everything easier for publishing scientific work. Hope for a more scientific relationship with your Journal.
The peer-review process which consisted high quality queries on the paper. I did answer six reviewers’ questions and comments before the paper was accepted. The support from the editorial office is excellent.
Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. I had the experience of publishing a research article recently. The whole process was simple from submission to publication. The reviewers made specific and valuable recommendations and corrections that improved the quality of my publication. I strongly recommend this Journal.
Dr. Katarzyna Byczkowska My testimonial covering: "The peer review process is quick and effective. The support from the editorial office is very professional and friendly. Quality of the Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on cardiology that is useful for other professionals in the field.
Thank you most sincerely, with regard to the support you have given in relation to the reviewing process and the processing of my article entitled "Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of The Prostate Gland: A Review and Update" for publication in your esteemed Journal, Journal of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics". The editorial team has been very supportive.
Testimony of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology: work with your Reviews has been a educational and constructive experience. The editorial office were very helpful and supportive. It was a pleasure to contribute to your Journal.
Dr. Bernard Terkimbi Utoo, I am happy to publish my scientific work in Journal of Women Health Care and Issues (JWHCI). The manuscript submission was seamless and peer review process was top notch. I was amazed that 4 reviewers worked on the manuscript which made it a highly technical, standard and excellent quality paper. I appreciate the format and consideration for the APC as well as the speed of publication. It is my pleasure to continue with this scientific relationship with the esteem JWHCI.
This is an acknowledgment for peer reviewers, editorial board of Journal of Clinical Research and Reports. They show a lot of consideration for us as publishers for our research article “Evaluation of the different factors associated with side effects of COVID-19 vaccination on medical students, Mutah university, Al-Karak, Jordan”, in a very professional and easy way. This journal is one of outstanding medical journal.
Dear Hao Jiang, to Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing We greatly appreciate the efficient, professional and rapid processing of our paper by your team. If there is anything else we should do, please do not hesitate to let us know. On behalf of my co-authors, we would like to express our great appreciation to editor and reviewers.
As an author who has recently published in the journal "Brain and Neurological Disorders". I am delighted to provide a testimonial on the peer review process, editorial office support, and the overall quality of the journal. The peer review process at Brain and Neurological Disorders is rigorous and meticulous, ensuring that only high-quality, evidence-based research is published. The reviewers are experts in their fields, and their comments and suggestions were constructive and helped improve the quality of my manuscript. The review process was timely and efficient, with clear communication from the editorial office at each stage. The support from the editorial office was exceptional throughout the entire process. The editorial staff was responsive, professional, and always willing to help. They provided valuable guidance on formatting, structure, and ethical considerations, making the submission process seamless. Moreover, they kept me informed about the status of my manuscript and provided timely updates, which made the process less stressful. The journal Brain and Neurological Disorders is of the highest quality, with a strong focus on publishing cutting-edge research in the field of neurology. The articles published in this journal are well-researched, rigorously peer-reviewed, and written by experts in the field. The journal maintains high standards, ensuring that readers are provided with the most up-to-date and reliable information on brain and neurological disorders. In conclusion, I had a wonderful experience publishing in Brain and Neurological Disorders. The peer review process was thorough, the editorial office provided exceptional support, and the journal's quality is second to none. I would highly recommend this journal to any researcher working in the field of neurology and brain disorders.
Dear Agrippa Hilda, Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery, Editorial Coordinator, I trust this message finds you well. I want to extend my appreciation for considering my article for publication in your esteemed journal. I am pleased to provide a testimonial regarding the peer review process and the support received from your editorial office. The peer review process for my paper was carried out in a highly professional and thorough manner. The feedback and comments provided by the authors were constructive and very useful in improving the quality of the manuscript. This rigorous assessment process undoubtedly contributes to the high standards maintained by your journal.
International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. I strongly recommend to consider submitting your work to this high-quality journal. The support and availability of the Editorial staff is outstanding and the review process was both efficient and rigorous.
Thank you very much for publishing my Research Article titled “Comparing Treatment Outcome Of Allergic Rhinitis Patients After Using Fluticasone Nasal Spray And Nasal Douching" in the Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology. As Medical Professionals we are immensely benefited from study of various informative Articles and Papers published in this high quality Journal. I look forward to enriching my knowledge by regular study of the Journal and contribute my future work in the field of ENT through the Journal for use by the medical fraternity. The support from the Editorial office was excellent and very prompt. I also welcome the comments received from the readers of my Research Article.
Dear Erica Kelsey, Editorial Coordinator of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics Our team is very satisfied with the processing of our paper by your journal. That was fast, efficient, rigorous, but without unnecessary complications. We appreciated the very short time between the submission of the paper and its publication on line on your site.
I am very glad to say that the peer review process is very successful and fast and support from the Editorial Office. Therefore, I would like to continue our scientific relationship for a long time. And I especially thank you for your kindly attention towards my article. Have a good day!
"We recently published an article entitled “Influence of beta-Cyclodextrins upon the Degradation of Carbofuran Derivatives under Alkaline Conditions" in the Journal of “Pesticides and Biofertilizers” to show that the cyclodextrins protect the carbamates increasing their half-life time in the presence of basic conditions This will be very helpful to understand carbofuran behaviour in the analytical, agro-environmental and food areas. We greatly appreciated the interaction with the editor and the editorial team; we were particularly well accompanied during the course of the revision process, since all various steps towards publication were short and without delay".
I would like to express my gratitude towards you process of article review and submission. I found this to be very fair and expedient. Your follow up has been excellent. I have many publications in national and international journal and your process has been one of the best so far. Keep up the great work.
We are grateful for this opportunity to provide a glowing recommendation to the Journal of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy. We found that the editorial team were very supportive, helpful, kept us abreast of timelines and over all very professional in nature. The peer review process was rigorous, efficient and constructive that really enhanced our article submission. The experience with this journal remains one of our best ever and we look forward to providing future submissions in the near future.
I am very pleased to serve as EBM of the journal, I hope many years of my experience in stem cells can help the journal from one way or another. As we know, stem cells hold great potential for regenerative medicine, which are mostly used to promote the repair response of diseased, dysfunctional or injured tissue using stem cells or their derivatives. I think Stem Cell Research and Therapeutics International is a great platform to publish and share the understanding towards the biology and translational or clinical application of stem cells.
I would like to give my testimony in the support I have got by the peer review process and to support the editorial office where they were of asset to support young author like me to be encouraged to publish their work in your respected journal and globalize and share knowledge across the globe. I really give my great gratitude to your journal and the peer review including the editorial office.
I am delighted to publish our manuscript entitled "A Perspective on Cocaine Induced Stroke - Its Mechanisms and Management" in the Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. The peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal are excellent. The manuscripts published are of high quality and of excellent scientific value. I recommend this journal very much to colleagues.
Dr.Tania Muñoz, My experience as researcher and author of a review article in The Journal Clinical Cardiology and Interventions has been very enriching and stimulating. The editorial team is excellent, performs its work with absolute responsibility and delivery. They are proactive, dynamic and receptive to all proposals. Supporting at all times the vast universe of authors who choose them as an option for publication. The team of review specialists, members of the editorial board, are brilliant professionals, with remarkable performance in medical research and scientific methodology. Together they form a frontline team that consolidates the JCCI as a magnificent option for the publication and review of high-level medical articles and broad collective interest. I am honored to be able to share my review article and open to receive all your comments.
“The peer review process of JPMHC is quick and effective. Authors are benefited by good and professional reviewers with huge experience in the field of psychology and mental health. The support from the editorial office is very professional. People to contact to are friendly and happy to help and assist any query authors might have. Quality of the Journal is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on mental health that is useful for other professionals in the field”.
Dear editorial department: On behalf of our team, I hereby certify the reliability and superiority of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews in the peer review process, editorial support, and journal quality. Firstly, the peer review process of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is rigorous, fair, transparent, fast, and of high quality. The editorial department invites experts from relevant fields as anonymous reviewers to review all submitted manuscripts. These experts have rich academic backgrounds and experience, and can accurately evaluate the academic quality, originality, and suitability of manuscripts. The editorial department is committed to ensuring the rigor of the peer review process, while also making every effort to ensure a fast review cycle to meet the needs of authors and the academic community. Secondly, the editorial team of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is composed of a group of senior scholars and professionals with rich experience and professional knowledge in related fields. The editorial department is committed to assisting authors in improving their manuscripts, ensuring their academic accuracy, clarity, and completeness. Editors actively collaborate with authors, providing useful suggestions and feedback to promote the improvement and development of the manuscript. We believe that the support of the editorial department is one of the key factors in ensuring the quality of the journal. Finally, the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is renowned for its high- quality articles and strict academic standards. The editorial department is committed to publishing innovative and academically valuable research results to promote the development and progress of related fields. The International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is reasonably priced and ensures excellent service and quality ratio, allowing authors to obtain high-level academic publishing opportunities in an affordable manner. I hereby solemnly declare that the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews has a high level of credibility and superiority in terms of peer review process, editorial support, reasonable fees, and journal quality. Sincerely, Rui Tao.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions I testity the covering of the peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal.
