Nano Medicine in Cancer Treatment: Exploring the Potential of Targeted Drug Delivery Systems for Personalized Therapy

Research Article | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/2578-8949/195

Nano Medicine in Cancer Treatment: Exploring the Potential of Targeted Drug Delivery Systems for Personalized Therapy

  • Rehan Haider 1*
  • Hina Abbas 2

1Riggs Pharmaceuticals Department of Pharmacy, University of Karachi, Pakistan.

2Assistant Professor Department of Pathology Dow University of Health Sciences Karachi, Pakistan.

*Corresponding Author: Rehan Haider, Riggs Pharmaceuticals, Department of Pharmacy, University of Karachi, Pakistan.

Citation: Rehan Haider, Hina Abbas, (2025), Nano Medicine in Cancer Treatment: Exploring the Potential of Targeted Drug Delivery Systems for Personalized Therapy, Dermatology and Dermatitis, 13(4); DOI:10.31579/2578-8949/195

Copyright: © 2025, Rehan Haider. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of The Creative Commons. Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Received: 04 July 2025 | Accepted: 28 July 2025 | Published: 15 August 2025

Keywords: nanomedicine; targeted drug delivery; cancer therapy; personalized treatment; nanoparticles; chemotherapy; precision medicine; drug efficacy; tumor targeting; bioengineering

Abstract

Cancer situation remains an important challenge on account of the limited precision and extreme toxicity of conventional healing, to a degree, chemotherapy. These situations often lead to mark tumor containers selectively, superior to severe aftereffects. Nano medicine, specifically through the development of intended drug delivery orders, offers a hopeful alternative. These systems allow exact delivery of healing powers directly to tumor cells, without affecting the surrounding healthy tissue. Nanoparticles, including liposomes, dendrimers, and polymeric aircraft carriers, may be engineered to give various healing powers such as chemotherapeutics, deoxyribonucleic acid cures, and immune-modulatory drugs. These nanoparticles may be planned to target distinguishing molecular indicators signified on tumor cells, allowing for a more effective situation accompanying fewer unfavorable effects.

Recent progress in nanotechnology has further facilitated the growth of embodied Nano medicine, where situations may be tailored to the individual patient’s ancestral profile and the microscopic traits of their cancer. This embodied approach not only enhances the efficacy of the situation but likewise reduces the likelihood of reactions by ensuring that the healing powers are delivered just place they are needed. Moreover, the use of Nano medicine allows for more adept drug delivery to tumors by way of both inactive point or direct at a goal (enhanced permeability and memory effect) and active targeting (ligand-receptor interplays). The unification of these targeted schemes with added situation modalities in a way that immunotherapy holds important potential for improving patient outcomes. Nano medicine in malignancy therapy, accompanied by its skill to support more tailored and less toxic situations, represents a major progress in the fight against cancer.

Introduction

Cancer remains a major global health burden, accounting for an estimated 19.3 million new cases and 9.6 million deaths in 2020 [1]. Conventional modalities—surgery, radiotherapy, and systemic chemotherapy—are effective for many tumors but are constrained by off-target toxicity, suboptimal tumor selectivity, and the emergence of drug resistance [2–5]. Nanomedicine, broadly defined as the application of nanoscale materials and devices to diagnosis and therapy, has emerged as a strategy to enhance therapeutic index while reducing adverse effects [6,7]. By exploiting tumor pathophysiology and nanoscale engineering, nanoparticles can improve intratumoral drug deposition and retention, thereby reshaping pharmacokinetics and bio-distribution [8–12].

Two complementary paradigms underpin targeted delivery. Passive targeting uses the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect to concentrate nanocarriers within leaky tumor vasculature [8–10], while active targeting decorates carriers with ligands (e.g., antibodies, peptides, sugars) to engage overexpressed receptors on cancer cells or endothelium, further sharpening selectivity [9–11,24,25]. Beyond cytotoxic payloads, modern platforms co-deliver immunomodulators, nucleic acids, and adjuvants to orchestrate antitumor immunity; self-assembled nanoparticle vaccines and theranost constructs exemplify this convergence of delivery and immune engineering [13,14]. Multimodal nanocarriers and patient-tailored formulations align naturally with precision oncology, enabling personalization based on genomic drivers, immune contexture, and microenvironmental cues [11,15].

Multiple carrier classes—liposomes, dendrimers, polymeric nanoparticles, and micelles—have demonstrated translational promise in preclinical and clinical settings [11,12,24,25]. Clinically validated liposomal formulations of doxorubicin and paclitaxel illustrate how nanocarriers can mitigate cardiotoxicity and hypersensitivity while sustaining antitumor activity [16–19]. Looking ahead, Nanosensors and microrobotic or magnetically guided systems may enable minimally invasive, image-addressable interventions and real-time response monitoring [20]. Nonetheless, challenges persist: heterogeneity of EPR across tumors, endosomal escape, immune recognition, scale-up and batch reproducibility, and regulatory science for complex products [21–23]. Continued advances in materials science, targeting biology, and manufacturable are poised to translate tumor-specific, ligand-directed nanomedicines into more precise, safer, and durable cancer therapies [24,25].

Literature Review

Nanomedicine has become one of the fastest-growing fields in oncology, driven by the limitations of conventional treatments. Numerous studies have emphasized the ability of nanoparticles to improve drug solubility, stability, and bio -distribution [1–4]. Liposomal formulations, such as Doxil® (liposomal doxorubicin), were among the first nanocarriers to receive regulatory approval, demonstrating reduced cardiotoxicity and enhanced tumor accumulation [5,6]. Similarly, polymeric nanoparticles and micelles have been developed to deliver hydrophobic chemotherapeutics like paclitaxel, with superior pharmacokinetic profiles compared to free drugs [7].

Beyond traditional chemotherapy, nanomedicine has enabled the integration of nucleic acids (siRNA, miRNA, and CRISPR-Cas9 systems) for gene silencing and editing, providing a platform for precision therapy [8–10]. Additionally, dendrimers and metallic nanoparticles are being studied for theranostic applications, where diagnosis and therapy are combined into one system [11,12]. Advances in immuno-nanomedicine, including nanoparticle-based vaccines, highlight the growing role of nanotechnology in activating antitumor immune responses [13,14].

Despite promising preclinical outcomes, challenges remain in clinical translation. Heterogeneity of the tumor microenvironment, variability in the EPR effect, and concerns over long-term toxicity and clearance have slowed widespread adoption [15–18]. Nevertheless, continued research is focusing on smart nanocarriers capable of stimuli-responsive release, tumor microenvironment modulation, and integration with precision oncology [19–21].

Research Methodology

This paper adopts a narrative review methodology, synthesizing published literature from PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases between 2000–2025. Keywords used included: nanomedicine, cancer therapy, targeted drug delivery, nanoparticles, liposomes, personalized therapy. Studies included both preclinical (in vitro and in vivo) and clinical trials evaluating nanoparticle-based cancer therapies. Key themes extracted were: (1) mechanisms of targeting, (2) types of nanocarriers, (3) clinical applications, and (4) challenges in translation. Articles focusing solely on material synthesis without biomedical application were excluded. A total of 85 peer-reviewed articles formed the evidence base.

Results

The review identified that liposomal and polymeric nanoparticles remain the most widely studied carriers, with strong evidence supporting their ability to reduce systemic toxicity and improve tumor drug accumulation [5,6,7]. Clinical trials of Doxil® and Abraxane® (albumin-bound paclitaxel) have demonstrated significant improvements in patient tolerability and survival outcomes compared to free drug administration [22,23].

Emerging results also highlight the success of nanoparticle-enabled immunotherapies, where nanocarriers enhance the delivery of checkpoint inhibitors and tumor antigens [13,14]. Gene-delivery nano platforms show promising preclinical outcomes in silencing oncogenes and sensitizing tumors to chemotherapy [9,10]. However, clinical translation is limited, with fewer than 20 nanomedicine products approved worldwide, mainly due to issues of scalability, bio-distribution, and regulatory challenges [15–18].

Nanocarrier TypeExamples / Drugs DeliveredKey AdvantagesLimitationsSelected Sources
LiposomesDoxil® (doxorubicin), Myocet®Improved pharmacokinetics, reduced cardiotoxicityStability and cost issues[6,16–18]
Polymeric nanoparticlesPaclitaxel-loaded PLGA NPsControlled release, versatile drug loadingPotential polymer toxicity[7,12,22]
DendrimerssiRNA delivery platformsHigh surface functionality, gene/drug co-deliverySynthesis complexity, toxicity[11,15]
MicellesPaclitaxel micellesEnhanced solubility of hydrophobic drugsLimited stability in vivo[12,19]
Metal/Gold nanoparticlesTheranostics (imaging + therapy)Imaging + therapy combined, photothermal effectsClearance and long-term safety issues[13,14]
Nanorobots / Smart NPsExperimental cancer monitoring botsReal-time monitoring, precision deliveryStill experimental[20–21]

Table 1: Summary of Major Nanocarrier Systems in Cancer Therapy

Nanocarrier TypeMechanism of ActionAdvantagesLimitationsExamples/Applications
LiposomesEncapsulate hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs; fuse with cancer cell membranesBiocompatible, reduced toxicity, controlled releaseStability issues, rapid clearanceDoxil® (liposomal doxorubicin)
Polymeric NanoparticlesBiodegradable polymers allow sustained and targeted releaseHigh drug-loading capacity, tunable size/surfaceComplex synthesis, possible toxicityPaclitaxel-loaded PLGA nanoparticles
DendrimersBranched structures allow multivalent drug and ligand attachmentPrecise control of size, high targeting potentialHigh cost, risk of toxicity at high dosePAMAM dendrimers delivering methotrexate
Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs)Facilitate photothermal therapy and drug deliveryEasy functionalization, imaging + therapy (theranostics)Risk of accumulation in organsAuNPsT for photothermal ablation in breast cancer
Carbon NanotubesDeliver drugs or genes via cellular penetrationHigh surface area, effective intracellular deliveryBiocompatibility and safety concernsCNTs with doxorubicin for resistant tumors
Magnetic NanoparticlesGuided to tumor sites with external magnetic fieldTargeted delivery, imaging-guided therapyLimited tissue penetrationIron oxide nanoparticles for MRI-guided therapy
Exosome-based CarriersNatural vesicles carrying therapeutic moleculesBiocompatible, cross biological barriersLimited scalability, purification challengesExosome-based siRNA delivery in glioblastoma

Table 2: Types of Nanomedicine-Based Drug Delivery Systems in Cancer Therapy

Source: Allen, T. M., & Cullis, P. R. (2013). Liposomal drug delivery systems: From concept to clinical applications. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 65(1), 36-48

Figure 1: Mechanism of Nanoparticle-Based Targeted Drug Delivery in Tumor

Source: Adapted from Jain RK, Nat Rev Cancer 2001 [8]; Wilhelm S et al., Nat Rev Mater 2016 [9].

Figure 2: Clinical Applications of Nanomedicine in Cancer Therapy

Source: Data compiled from Dufresne M et al., Cancer Nanomedicine 2020 [21]; Lammers T et al., Trends Mol Med 2012 [25].

Discussion

The findings reinforce that nanomedicine has fundamentally altered the landscape of cancer therapy, particularly through targeted delivery and personalized approaches. Nanocarriers provide a superior therapeutic index by ensuring drugs accumulate selectively in tumors, thereby minimizing toxicity to healthy tissues [8–12]. Moreover, integrating nanomedicine with genomics and precision oncology can yield personalized regimens tailored to individual tumor signatures [19–21].

Nonetheless, clinical adoption has been slower than expected. Heterogeneity in tumor vasculature limits the EPR effect, making passive targeting less reliable across patients [15–18]. Active targeting strategies and smart stimuli-responsive nanocarriers represent viable solutions, but these remain largely in experimental stages. Furthermore, challenges such as large-scale reproducibility, long-term safety, and regulatory approval continue to impede translation [22–25].

A major future direction lies in combination therapies, where nanoparticles co-deliver chemotherapy with immunomodulators or gene therapies to overcome drug resistance and achieve synergistic effects. Advances in AI-driven nano design and nano robotics may further expand the role of nanomedicine, offering minimally invasive cancer treatments with real-time monitoring [20,21].

Conclusion

Nanomedicine represents a paradigm shift in oncology, enabling precise, personalized, and less toxic cancer treatments. Liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, and dendrimers have already demonstrated clinical benefit, while emerging gene and immune nano therapies promise transformative outcomes. Although translational hurdles remain, the integration of nanomedicine with precision oncology holds immense potential to redefine cancer treatment in the coming decades. Future work should prioritize clinical trials, regulatory harmonization, and scalable production to ensure that nanomedicine moves from experimental innovation to a mainstream therapeutic reality.

Acknowledgments

The successful completion of this research would not have been possible without the valuable contributions and support of numerous individuals and institutions. We express our sincere gratitude to all participants and collaborators involved in this study. Special thanks are extended to Dr. Naweed Imam Syed, Professor, Department of Cell Biology, University of Calgary, and Dr. Sadaf Ahmed, Psychophysiology Lab, University of Karachi, for their expert guidance and insightful feedback throughout this project. Their contributions were instrumental in shaping the direction and execution of this research.

Declaration of Interest

The authors declare no financial or personal relationships that could present a conflict of interest regarding this study or its outcomes.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors report no conflicts of interest.

Financial Support and Sponsorship

No external funding was received to support the preparation of this manuscript

References

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Dr Farooq Wandroo

Dear Jessica Magne, with gratitude for the joint work. Fast process of receiving and processing the submitted scientific materials in “Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions”. High level of competence of the editors with clear and correct recommendations and ideas for enriching the article.

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Dr Anyuta Ivanova

We found the peer review process quick and positive in its input. The support from the editorial officer has been very agile, always with the intention of improving the article and taking into account our subsequent corrections.

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Dr David Vinyes

My article, titled 'No Way Out of the Smartphone Epidemic Without Considering the Insights of Brain Research,' has been republished in the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. The review process was seamless and professional, with the editors being both friendly and supportive. I am deeply grateful for their efforts.

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Gertraud Teuchert-Noodt

To Dear Erin Aust – Editorial Coordinator of Journal of General Medicine and Clinical Practice! I declare that I am absolutely satisfied with your work carried out with great competence in following the manuscript during the various stages from its receipt, during the revision process to the final acceptance for publication. Thank Prof. Elvira Farina

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Dr Elvira Farina

Dear Jessica, and the super professional team of the ‘Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions’ I am sincerely grateful to the coordinated work of the journal team for the no problem with the submission of my manuscript: “Cardiometabolic Disorders in A Pregnant Woman with Severe Preeclampsia on the Background of Morbid Obesity (Case Report).” The review process by 5 experts was fast, and the comments were professional, which made it more specific and academic, and the process of publication and presentation of the article was excellent. I recommend that my colleagues publish articles in this journal, and I am interested in further scientific cooperation. Sincerely and best wishes, Dr. Oleg Golyanovskiy.

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Dr Oleg Golyanovski

Dear Ashley Rosa, Editorial Coordinator of the journal - Psychology and Mental Health Care. " The process of obtaining publication of my article in the Psychology and Mental Health Journal was positive in all areas. The peer review process resulted in a number of valuable comments, the editorial process was collaborative and timely, and the quality of this journal has been quickly noticed, resulting in alternative journals contacting me to publish with them." Warm regards, Susan Anne Smith, PhD. Australian Breastfeeding Association.

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Dr Susan Anne Smith

Dear Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator, Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, Auctores Publishing LLC. I appreciate the journal (JCCI) editorial office support, the entire team leads were always ready to help, not only on technical front but also on thorough process. Also, I should thank dear reviewers’ attention to detail and creative approach to teach me and bring new insights by their comments. Surely, more discussions and introduction of other hemodynamic devices would provide better prevention and management of shock states. Your efforts and dedication in presenting educational materials in this journal are commendable. Best wishes from, Farahnaz Fallahian.

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Dr Farahnaz Fallahian

Dear Maria Emerson, Editorial Coordinator, International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews, Auctores Publishing LLC. I am delighted to have published our manuscript, "Acute Colonic Pseudo-Obstruction (ACPO): A rare but serious complication following caesarean section." I want to thank the editorial team, especially Maria Emerson, for their prompt review of the manuscript, quick responses to queries, and overall support. Yours sincerely Dr. Victor Olagundoye.

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Dr Victor Olagundoye

Dear Ashley Rosa, Editorial Coordinator, International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. Many thanks for publishing this manuscript after I lost confidence the editors were most helpful, more than other journals Best wishes from, Susan Anne Smith, PhD. Australian Breastfeeding Association.

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Dr Susan Anne Smith

Dear Agrippa Hilda, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. The entire process including article submission, review, revision, and publication was extremely easy. The journal editor was prompt and helpful, and the reviewers contributed to the quality of the paper. Thank you so much! Eric Nussbaum, MD

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Dr Eric S Nussbaum

Dr Hala Al Shaikh This is to acknowledge that the peer review process for the article ’ A Novel Gnrh1 Gene Mutation in Four Omani Male Siblings, Presentation and Management ’ sent to the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews was quick and smooth. The editorial office was prompt with easy communication.

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Hala Al Shaikh

Dear Erin Aust, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of General Medicine and Clinical Practice. We are pleased to share our experience with the “Journal of General Medicine and Clinical Practice”, following the successful publication of our article. The peer review process was thorough and constructive, helping to improve the clarity and quality of the manuscript. We are especially thankful to Ms. Erin Aust, the Editorial Coordinator, for her prompt communication and continuous support throughout the process. Her professionalism ensured a smooth and efficient publication experience. The journal upholds high editorial standards, and we highly recommend it to fellow researchers seeking a credible platform for their work. Best wishes By, Dr. Rakhi Mishra.

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Dr Rakhi Mishra

Dear Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator, Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, Auctores Publishing LLC. The peer review process of the journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions was excellent and fast, as was the support of the editorial office and the quality of the journal. Kind regards Walter F. Riesen Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Walter F. Riesen.

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Dr Walter F Riesen

Dear Ashley Rosa, Editorial Coordinator, International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews, Auctores Publishing LLC. Thank you for publishing our article, Exploring Clozapine's Efficacy in Managing Aggression: A Multiple Single-Case Study in Forensic Psychiatry in the international journal of clinical case reports and reviews. We found the peer review process very professional and efficient. The comments were constructive, and the whole process was efficient. On behalf of the co-authors, I would like to thank you for publishing this article. With regards, Dr. Jelle R. Lettinga.

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Dr Jelle Lettinga

Dear Clarissa Eric, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Studies, I would like to express my deep admiration for the exceptional professionalism demonstrated by your journal. I am thoroughly impressed by the speed of the editorial process, the substantive and insightful reviews, and the meticulous preparation of the manuscript for publication. Additionally, I greatly appreciate the courteous and immediate responses from your editorial office to all my inquiries. Best Regards, Dariusz Ziora

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Dariusz Ziora

Dear Chrystine Mejia, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Neurodegeneration and Neurorehabilitation, Auctores Publishing LLC, We would like to thank the editorial team for the smooth and high-quality communication leading up to the publication of our article in the Journal of Neurodegeneration and Neurorehabilitation. The reviewers have extensive knowledge in the field, and their relevant questions helped to add value to our publication. Kind regards, Dr. Ravi Shrivastava.

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Dr Ravi Shrivastava

Dear Clarissa Eric, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Studies, Auctores Publishing LLC, USA Office: +1-(302)-520-2644. I would like to express my sincere appreciation for the efficient and professional handling of my case report by the ‘Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Studies’. The peer review process was not only fast but also highly constructive—the reviewers’ comments were clear, relevant, and greatly helped me improve the quality and clarity of my manuscript. I also received excellent support from the editorial office throughout the process. Communication was smooth and timely, and I felt well guided at every stage, from submission to publication. The overall quality and rigor of the journal are truly commendable. I am pleased to have published my work with Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Studies, and I look forward to future opportunities for collaboration. Sincerely, Aline Tollet, UCLouvain.

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Dr Aline Tollet

Dear Ms. Mayra Duenas, Editorial Coordinator, International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. “The International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews represented the “ideal house” to share with the research community a first experience with the use of the Simeox device for speech rehabilitation. High scientific reputation and attractive website communication were first determinants for the selection of this Journal, and the following submission process exceeded expectations: fast but highly professional peer review, great support by the editorial office, elegant graphic layout. Exactly what a dynamic research team - also composed by allied professionals - needs!" From, Chiara Beccaluva, PT - Italy.

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Dr Chiara Giuseppina Beccaluva

Dear Maria Emerson, Editorial Coordinator, we have deeply appreciated the professionalism demonstrated by the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. The reviewers have extensive knowledge of our field and have been very efficient and fast in supporting the process. I am really looking forward to further collaboration. Thanks. Best regards, Dr. Claudio Ligresti

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Dr Claudio Ligresti

Dear Chrystine Mejia, Editorial Coordinator, Journal of Neurodegeneration and Neurorehabilitation. “The peer review process was efficient and constructive, and the editorial office provided excellent communication and support throughout. The journal ensures scientific rigor and high editorial standards, while also offering a smooth and timely publication process. We sincerely appreciate the work of the editorial team in facilitating the dissemination of innovative approaches such as the Bonori Method.” Best regards, Dr. Matteo Bonori.

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Dr Matteo Bonori