AUCTORES
Globalize your Research
Research Article | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/2642-9756/174
1 Department of obstetrics and Gynecology, El Sahel Teaching Hospital, Egypt.
2 Department of General Surgery, El Sahel Teaching Hospital, Egypt.
3 Department of obstetrics and Gynecology, Suez University, Egypt.
*Corresponding Author: Hany Mahmoud, Department of obstetrics and Gynecology, El Sahel Teaching Hospital, Egypt.
Citation: Hany Mahmoud Abd Elhamied, Abdelrahman K. Abdelrahman and Ahmed Sewidan, (2022), Forms of Breast Disorders within Females Visiting Breast Disease Clinic, J. Women Health Care and Issues. 5(6); DOI:10.31579/2642-9756/174
Copyright: © 2022, Hany Mahmoud. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Received: 02 November 2022 | Accepted: 14 November 2022 | Published: 30 November 2022
Keywords: benign breast diseases; malignant breast diseases; mastalgia
1.1. Background: Breast disorders, either benign or malignant in nature, are clinically common. The forms of breast disorders vary within different nations.
1.2. Objectives: The goal of the current research study is to explore and observe the forms of breast disease and their correlation with various obtained variables of interest in females visiting the breast disease clinic.
1.3. Methodology: A cross-sectional research study performed at El Sahel Teaching Hospital from 1st of May 2017 till 1st of February 2017. A randomly selected cohort of 500 research subjects of all age categories have been enrolled in the research study. The cases have been cat- egorized according to their clinical diagnosis into 3 classes of breast conditions: normal, benign and malignant. The statistical significance was <0.05.
1.4. Results: breast disorders of benign nature diagnosed among (63%) of cases while breast dis- eases of malignant nature composed of (13.2%). The commonest clinical presentation have been mastalgia and breast mass (39.2%), mastalgia (37.6%), and breast mass only (23.2%). Fibro- adenoma (26.2%) has been the most common benign clinical disease with greatest incidence (76.9%) in the age research group below 20 years. Malignant breast diseases have been more frequent with increasing age. Benign breast clinical disorders and pathological lesions were correlated more with nulliparous females (p<0.001). Breast cancer observed (p <0.001) more frequent in a statistically significant fashion with in lactating females recruited in the research cohort.
1.5. Conclusion: Benign diseases and various disorder of the breast is a popular clinical di- agnosis mostly presented in younger females. Breast malignant disease despite the fact that is clinically diagnosed in lower frequency and mainly presented in older age groups, yet its sig- nificance oblige a meticulous evaluation of females of various clinical presentations particularly that of breast mass only or associated with mastalgia.
Breast disorders and diseases are a clinically popular group of illnesses varying from self resolving inflammatory con- ditions to grave invasive forms of malignant disease [1]. Breast disorders and disease spectrum are of increasing research and clinical interest all over the globe. Probably due to raised public awareness of breast malignancy which is one of the most com- mon female population malignant disorders [2].
The major issue of breast disorders and disease are benign breast illnesses which are far more common in many nations particu- larly in the western world, on international basis benign breast disorders represent around 90% of the clinical issues presented in relation to the female breast [3]. Benign breast illnesses and pathological conditions are mainly presented in reproductive age group of females, presenting mainly in the 2nd decade of female life however in the second decade with great possibility for the lesions of benign nature to be well advanced at the 4th and 5th decade of life. Benign breast disorders and illnesses involve a spectrum of pathological and histological categories [4].
Usually categorized into non-proliferative breast conditions, proliferative breast conditions without observed atypia, and pro- liferative breast conditions with observed atypia according to histopathological examination [5]. Additionally fibro adenoma, fibro cystic changes and breast abscess are responsible for the vast majority for breast benign pathological conditions in developing nations. Particular histopathological categories of benign nature affecting the breast are a predisposing considerable risk issue for later development of malignant breast disease [6].
Nature of breast illnesses and causative factors vary among various nations, racial groups [7]. chiefly common presenting symptom of breast disorders in addition. Clinically palpable breast lumps, at the same time many cases present with nipple discharge, deformity and skin changes. Risk factors identified for benign and malignant breast illnesses involve; nulli parity, young age at first birth and late onset menopause, particularly due to the well known issue of excessive estrogen serum levels [8-10]. Genetic makeup and environmental factors, variability of immune competence and host vulnerability are various factors impacting in breast malignancy development. Breast malignancy is more common in females with a family history of this form of disease and is proven by researchers that particular mutations are responsible for 5% of the breast malignancies [11,12].
To verify the forms of breast disorders within females visiting breast clinic in El Sahel Teaching Hospital. By identifying and recording the demographic, personal, obstetrical &gynecologi- cal features of females and its correlation to breast disorders with identification of clinical presenting mode of various divisions of breast disorders.
Across sectional research study performed at El Sahel Teaching Hospital breast disease clinic for the period from 1st of May2017 till1st of February 2018. The study involved 500 recruited female subjects selected in a random manner. Inclusive criteria: cases were categorized, in relation to their final clinical diagnosis, into three divisions: 1st;normal breast clinical condition, 2nd; benign breast disorders, that subcategorized into proliferative benign breast disorders involving the following: fibro adenoma, intra- ductal papilloma, non proliferative benign breast diseases involv- ing: breast cyst, fibroadenotic breast changes, fibrocystic breast changes and those with miscellaneous benign breast illnesses in- cluding: mastitis, breast abscess, ductectasia, lipoma, galactocele, fatty necrosis, hematoma, and accessory breast. 3rd; malignant breast illnesswhether1ry or associated 2ry axillary lymph nodes metastatic lesion.
1. History
demographic data, personal, gynecological and obstetrical his- tory involving menstrual history, age at 1st delivery and lactation.
2. Clinical picture
involving both main patient complaint; mastalgia, lump or lump+mastalgia, and correlated breast symptomatology e.g. nip- ple discharge, retraction, skin changes, and axillary lump.
3. Breast disease confirmation
Clinical final diagnosis obtained from official hospital records be- ing confirmed bysonography, mammogram and/ or cytological assessment either obtained by fine needle aspiration cytology or core biopsy of breast lesion.
Results were analyzed by usage of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS, version 22). Chisquare test and Fisher’s exact test were applied to evaluate the correlations between different obtained research study variables. A p value of lessthan 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Five hundred women involved in this study, their mean age + SD was 38.42 + 12.00 years, the median was 39 years. The age range was 13 to 70 years. The most frequent benign breast disorder in the recruited cohort was fibro-adenoma pathological chang- es(26.2%) and breast cyst(8.6%)displayed in (Table 1).
Table 1: Concerning malignant breast diseases.
Table 2: Clear that the frequency of cancer
Concerning malignant breast diseases, (11%) of recruited sub- jects clinically presented with primary cancerous lesion, and (2.2 %)clinically presented as malignancy with lymph node meta- static lesions. In (Table 2) it is clear that the frequency of cancer breast raised with increasing age and the prevalence was highest (22.5%) among those aged ≥ 50 years, while none the cases less than 20 years of age have been observed to have malignant dis- eases. Interestingly the prevalence of proliferative benign breast disorders fallen in a significant statistical fashion (p lessthan 0.001)with rising age. Additionally breast malignant illnesses prevalence was greater within the married females (13.8%) in comparison to (9.7%) of unmarried females. Conversely the most common conditions among the unmarried females were proliferative be- nign breast disorders (55.6%), in comparison to (21.5%) among the ever married women. No statistically significant correlation is observed between smoking and clinical final diagnosis (p = 0.081).
Table 3: Frequency of mastalgia and breast mass
Table 3 reveals and demonstrates the frequency of mastalgia , breast mass separately and in conjunction in which mastalgia and breast mass is the most frequent representing 39.2 %.
Breast disorders are common in females because estrogen cycli- cally triggers developmental changes in breasts during reproduc- tive phase of life. Even though benign breast disorders composes the bulk of breast issues however it is ignored class of disorders in view of the fact that breast malignancy is more dangerous. The breast disease clinicis one of the clinics of El Sahel Teaching Hos- pital from which the study cohort is recruited in a random man- ner. The form and distribution of breast disorders and their caus-es differs among various nations and racial groups [12]. In the current research the distributive form of breast disorders within women attending breast care clinic of El Sahel Teaching Hospital women had been observed, hence 63%of cases were diagnosed as benign breast diseases while13.2% found to have breast can- cer, these results are similar to two prior research studies per- formed priorly, contradict other research studies conducted in other countries like India displayed greater percentages of both benign breast diseases;(80.7%), (80,4%) and that of breast cancer (22.2%), (19.6%) consecutively [13,14].
The bulk of benign breast disorders in this research study is fib road enomato us changes (26.2%) which is similar to various research studies such as that performed in India (45%), in Af- rica 45.6% and 52% in another prior research. While the second most common benign breast disease in this study found to be breast cyst (8.6 %), a study performed in Africa ,displayed that breast cyst was the5th benign disease but with a proportion of (14.0%). Mastitis found to be the 3rd most frequent benign breast disorder (5.6%) in the current research study meanwhile it was found in the same study done in Africa to be the 2nd most com- mon benign breast disorder with a proportion of (19.3 %). Fi- brocystic breast pathology in the current research study was the 5th most common benign breast disorder (3.2%) in comparison to other researchers conducted in Pakistan and in Jamaica both reported fibrocystic changes as the most common benign breast disease(BBD) in their series. while other study done in Nigeria found that fibrocystic breast changes to be the 2nd most common BBD (26.3%) [15,16].
Smoking as a risk issue or protective against breast disorders is a matter of debate among various research studies. A prior researc him plied that recent smokers, are at decreased risk for all be- nign breast disorders where smoking tends to lower endogenous estrogen serum levels in comparison to non-smokers, and since fibro adenoma is triggered by estrogen, a correlation between smoking and fibro adenoma to us breast is logical on biological basis [17].
The greatest percentage (31.3%) of smokers in the current re- search study have been observed within those with cancer breast, similarly a research performed in Serbia implied clearly smok- ing as a risk factor for developing cancer breast and revealed that cases that quit smoking over the age of 50 years are at increased risk, on the other hand another research study done among Turk- ish women showed an inverse correlation between smoking and breast malignancy risk. Cigarette smoking could be protective against cancer breast probably due to its anti estrogenic impact but it could evidently raise the risk of other cancer types [18].
The bulk of females clinically complaining of breast issues are di- agnosed usually as benign disorders. The proliferative conditions including fibro adenoma are the most common ones and affect- ing mainly younger age groups. Breast cancer constituting 13.2% of breast diseases is diagnosed mainly among older age groups >50 years. Mastalgia and mass are the commonest presentation of all breast diseases and need to be thoroughly investigated to exclude malignancy.
Clearly Auctoresonline and particularly Psychology and Mental Health Care Journal is dedicated to improving health care services for individuals and populations. The editorial boards' ability to efficiently recognize and share the global importance of health literacy with a variety of stakeholders. Auctoresonline publishing platform can be used to facilitate of optimal client-based services and should be added to health care professionals' repertoire of evidence-based health care resources.
Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Intervention The submission and review process was adequate. However I think that the publication total value should have been enlightened in early fases. Thank you for all.
Journal of Women Health Care and Issues By the present mail, I want to say thank to you and tour colleagues for facilitating my published article. Specially thank you for the peer review process, support from the editorial office. I appreciate positively the quality of your journal.
Journal of Clinical Research and Reports I would be very delighted to submit my testimonial regarding the reviewer board and the editorial office. The reviewer board were accurate and helpful regarding any modifications for my manuscript. And the editorial office were very helpful and supportive in contacting and monitoring with any update and offering help. It was my pleasure to contribute with your promising Journal and I am looking forward for more collaboration.
We would like to thank the Journal of Thoracic Disease and Cardiothoracic Surgery because of the services they provided us for our articles. The peer-review process was done in a very excellent time manner, and the opinions of the reviewers helped us to improve our manuscript further. The editorial office had an outstanding correspondence with us and guided us in many ways. During a hard time of the pandemic that is affecting every one of us tremendously, the editorial office helped us make everything easier for publishing scientific work. Hope for a more scientific relationship with your Journal.
The peer-review process which consisted high quality queries on the paper. I did answer six reviewers’ questions and comments before the paper was accepted. The support from the editorial office is excellent.
Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. I had the experience of publishing a research article recently. The whole process was simple from submission to publication. The reviewers made specific and valuable recommendations and corrections that improved the quality of my publication. I strongly recommend this Journal.
Dr. Katarzyna Byczkowska My testimonial covering: "The peer review process is quick and effective. The support from the editorial office is very professional and friendly. Quality of the Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on cardiology that is useful for other professionals in the field.
Thank you most sincerely, with regard to the support you have given in relation to the reviewing process and the processing of my article entitled "Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of The Prostate Gland: A Review and Update" for publication in your esteemed Journal, Journal of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics". The editorial team has been very supportive.
Testimony of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology: work with your Reviews has been a educational and constructive experience. The editorial office were very helpful and supportive. It was a pleasure to contribute to your Journal.
Dr. Bernard Terkimbi Utoo, I am happy to publish my scientific work in Journal of Women Health Care and Issues (JWHCI). The manuscript submission was seamless and peer review process was top notch. I was amazed that 4 reviewers worked on the manuscript which made it a highly technical, standard and excellent quality paper. I appreciate the format and consideration for the APC as well as the speed of publication. It is my pleasure to continue with this scientific relationship with the esteem JWHCI.
This is an acknowledgment for peer reviewers, editorial board of Journal of Clinical Research and Reports. They show a lot of consideration for us as publishers for our research article “Evaluation of the different factors associated with side effects of COVID-19 vaccination on medical students, Mutah university, Al-Karak, Jordan”, in a very professional and easy way. This journal is one of outstanding medical journal.
Dear Hao Jiang, to Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing We greatly appreciate the efficient, professional and rapid processing of our paper by your team. If there is anything else we should do, please do not hesitate to let us know. On behalf of my co-authors, we would like to express our great appreciation to editor and reviewers.
As an author who has recently published in the journal "Brain and Neurological Disorders". I am delighted to provide a testimonial on the peer review process, editorial office support, and the overall quality of the journal. The peer review process at Brain and Neurological Disorders is rigorous and meticulous, ensuring that only high-quality, evidence-based research is published. The reviewers are experts in their fields, and their comments and suggestions were constructive and helped improve the quality of my manuscript. The review process was timely and efficient, with clear communication from the editorial office at each stage. The support from the editorial office was exceptional throughout the entire process. The editorial staff was responsive, professional, and always willing to help. They provided valuable guidance on formatting, structure, and ethical considerations, making the submission process seamless. Moreover, they kept me informed about the status of my manuscript and provided timely updates, which made the process less stressful. The journal Brain and Neurological Disorders is of the highest quality, with a strong focus on publishing cutting-edge research in the field of neurology. The articles published in this journal are well-researched, rigorously peer-reviewed, and written by experts in the field. The journal maintains high standards, ensuring that readers are provided with the most up-to-date and reliable information on brain and neurological disorders. In conclusion, I had a wonderful experience publishing in Brain and Neurological Disorders. The peer review process was thorough, the editorial office provided exceptional support, and the journal's quality is second to none. I would highly recommend this journal to any researcher working in the field of neurology and brain disorders.
Dear Agrippa Hilda, Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery, Editorial Coordinator, I trust this message finds you well. I want to extend my appreciation for considering my article for publication in your esteemed journal. I am pleased to provide a testimonial regarding the peer review process and the support received from your editorial office. The peer review process for my paper was carried out in a highly professional and thorough manner. The feedback and comments provided by the authors were constructive and very useful in improving the quality of the manuscript. This rigorous assessment process undoubtedly contributes to the high standards maintained by your journal.
International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. I strongly recommend to consider submitting your work to this high-quality journal. The support and availability of the Editorial staff is outstanding and the review process was both efficient and rigorous.
Thank you very much for publishing my Research Article titled “Comparing Treatment Outcome Of Allergic Rhinitis Patients After Using Fluticasone Nasal Spray And Nasal Douching" in the Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology. As Medical Professionals we are immensely benefited from study of various informative Articles and Papers published in this high quality Journal. I look forward to enriching my knowledge by regular study of the Journal and contribute my future work in the field of ENT through the Journal for use by the medical fraternity. The support from the Editorial office was excellent and very prompt. I also welcome the comments received from the readers of my Research Article.
Dear Erica Kelsey, Editorial Coordinator of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics Our team is very satisfied with the processing of our paper by your journal. That was fast, efficient, rigorous, but without unnecessary complications. We appreciated the very short time between the submission of the paper and its publication on line on your site.
I am very glad to say that the peer review process is very successful and fast and support from the Editorial Office. Therefore, I would like to continue our scientific relationship for a long time. And I especially thank you for your kindly attention towards my article. Have a good day!
"We recently published an article entitled “Influence of beta-Cyclodextrins upon the Degradation of Carbofuran Derivatives under Alkaline Conditions" in the Journal of “Pesticides and Biofertilizers” to show that the cyclodextrins protect the carbamates increasing their half-life time in the presence of basic conditions This will be very helpful to understand carbofuran behaviour in the analytical, agro-environmental and food areas. We greatly appreciated the interaction with the editor and the editorial team; we were particularly well accompanied during the course of the revision process, since all various steps towards publication were short and without delay".
I would like to express my gratitude towards you process of article review and submission. I found this to be very fair and expedient. Your follow up has been excellent. I have many publications in national and international journal and your process has been one of the best so far. Keep up the great work.
We are grateful for this opportunity to provide a glowing recommendation to the Journal of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy. We found that the editorial team were very supportive, helpful, kept us abreast of timelines and over all very professional in nature. The peer review process was rigorous, efficient and constructive that really enhanced our article submission. The experience with this journal remains one of our best ever and we look forward to providing future submissions in the near future.
I am very pleased to serve as EBM of the journal, I hope many years of my experience in stem cells can help the journal from one way or another. As we know, stem cells hold great potential for regenerative medicine, which are mostly used to promote the repair response of diseased, dysfunctional or injured tissue using stem cells or their derivatives. I think Stem Cell Research and Therapeutics International is a great platform to publish and share the understanding towards the biology and translational or clinical application of stem cells.
I would like to give my testimony in the support I have got by the peer review process and to support the editorial office where they were of asset to support young author like me to be encouraged to publish their work in your respected journal and globalize and share knowledge across the globe. I really give my great gratitude to your journal and the peer review including the editorial office.
I am delighted to publish our manuscript entitled "A Perspective on Cocaine Induced Stroke - Its Mechanisms and Management" in the Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. The peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal are excellent. The manuscripts published are of high quality and of excellent scientific value. I recommend this journal very much to colleagues.
Dr.Tania Muñoz, My experience as researcher and author of a review article in The Journal Clinical Cardiology and Interventions has been very enriching and stimulating. The editorial team is excellent, performs its work with absolute responsibility and delivery. They are proactive, dynamic and receptive to all proposals. Supporting at all times the vast universe of authors who choose them as an option for publication. The team of review specialists, members of the editorial board, are brilliant professionals, with remarkable performance in medical research and scientific methodology. Together they form a frontline team that consolidates the JCCI as a magnificent option for the publication and review of high-level medical articles and broad collective interest. I am honored to be able to share my review article and open to receive all your comments.
“The peer review process of JPMHC is quick and effective. Authors are benefited by good and professional reviewers with huge experience in the field of psychology and mental health. The support from the editorial office is very professional. People to contact to are friendly and happy to help and assist any query authors might have. Quality of the Journal is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on mental health that is useful for other professionals in the field”.
Dear editorial department: On behalf of our team, I hereby certify the reliability and superiority of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews in the peer review process, editorial support, and journal quality. Firstly, the peer review process of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is rigorous, fair, transparent, fast, and of high quality. The editorial department invites experts from relevant fields as anonymous reviewers to review all submitted manuscripts. These experts have rich academic backgrounds and experience, and can accurately evaluate the academic quality, originality, and suitability of manuscripts. The editorial department is committed to ensuring the rigor of the peer review process, while also making every effort to ensure a fast review cycle to meet the needs of authors and the academic community. Secondly, the editorial team of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is composed of a group of senior scholars and professionals with rich experience and professional knowledge in related fields. The editorial department is committed to assisting authors in improving their manuscripts, ensuring their academic accuracy, clarity, and completeness. Editors actively collaborate with authors, providing useful suggestions and feedback to promote the improvement and development of the manuscript. We believe that the support of the editorial department is one of the key factors in ensuring the quality of the journal. Finally, the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is renowned for its high- quality articles and strict academic standards. The editorial department is committed to publishing innovative and academically valuable research results to promote the development and progress of related fields. The International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is reasonably priced and ensures excellent service and quality ratio, allowing authors to obtain high-level academic publishing opportunities in an affordable manner. I hereby solemnly declare that the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews has a high level of credibility and superiority in terms of peer review process, editorial support, reasonable fees, and journal quality. Sincerely, Rui Tao.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions I testity the covering of the peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal.
