AUCTORES
Globalize your Research
Review Article | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/2641-0419/249
1 Research Associate Professor, Food Nutrition and Health A.R.D.P. Extension State Specialist, Family and Consumer Science, Nutritional Biochemistry College of Engineering, Science, Technology and Agriculture (C.E.S.T.A.), Central State University, 1400 Brush Row Road, P.O. Box 1004 Wilberforce, Ohio 45384 USA,
*Corresponding Author: Pratibha Gupta, Research Associate Professor, Food Nutrition and Health A.R.D.P. Extension State Specialist, Family and Consumer Science, Nutritional Biochemistry College of Engineering, Science, Technology and Agriculture (C.E.S.T.A.), Central State Univ
Citation: © 2022 Pratibha Gupta, This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Copyright: Pratibha Gupta (2022). Diabetes: Prevalence, Causes, Effects, Physiology and Risk of Cardiovascular Diseases. J. Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, 5(3); Doi:10.31579/2641-0419/249
Received: 19 January 2022 | Accepted: 28 February 2022 | Published: 07 March 2022
Keywords: diabetes; prevalence; causes, effects; physiology
People who experience the prediabetic symptoms or leaning towards diagnostic threshold towards diabetes may have a risk of cardiovascular disease and may experience death. Patients with diabetes are also prone for cardiovascular risk factors and there is a clear correlation between these disease conditions as they share similar pathogenic process. More study on this aspect is still being studied National Diabetes Statistics Reports, in 2020, 34.2 million Americans live with diabetes, with 1 in 10 people battling this chronic disease
Understanding Diabetes and correlation with cardiovascular diseases.
People who experience the prediabetic symptoms or leaning towards diagnostic threshold towards diabetes may have a risk of cardiovascular disease and may experience death. Patients with diabetes are also prone for cardiovascular risk factors and there is a clear correlation between these disease conditions as they share similar pathogenic process. More study on this aspect is still being studied
National Diabetes Statistics Reports, in 2020, 34.2 million Americans live with diabetes, with 1 in 10 people battling this chronic disease. This article serves as a guide to help better understand what the condition is about and how diabetes can affect our daily lives.
Minority Population, Ethnic Background and Diabetes
In ethnic minorities in the U.S., a combination of a lack of access to health care, socioeconomic status can create roadblocks in preventing diabetes and having effective management once diagnosed. Biomedical disciplines often interpret such disparities as evidence of fundamental genetic differences between socially constructed race categories. However, growing research suggests that health disparities originate from inequalities in power and socioeconomics. Research by Dr. Creary suggests that health disparities start with racism and white supremacy, class oppression, gender discrimination, exploitation. These deeply rooted items create a ripple effect of profound power, wealth imbalances, globalization, deregulation, labor markets, housing policy, education systems. In short, power distributes the social and environmental determinants of health differently. In the U.S., this tends to fall primarily along with 1. Race, 2. class, 3. Gender lines, and those who hold multiple marginalized identities. All things combined can cause diabetes to progress faster in minority populations. This rapid progression can be compounded by a poor diet, obesity, and sedentary life. National Health Interview Survey by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the U.S. Census Bureau, following data, is available:
Diabetes in Simple Terms
There are different types of diabetes, with Type 2 being the most common. Diabetes affects our body and controls how food turns into energy. During the digestion process, carbohydrates are metabolized into sugar, known as glucose, and released into the bloodstream. When the blood sugar increases in a healthy individual, it sends a signal to the pancreas to release Insulin, which aids in allowing blood sugar into cells to be utilized for energy. If the body cannot make enough Insulin or cannot use Insulin, it can result in serious health complications, including heart disease, vision loss, and kidney disease. Diabetes Type 1 is an autoimmune response and usually happens in childhood where the targeted cells attack the Insulin-producing cells resulting in the inability to process the sugar by the body.
Symptoms
The most common symptoms of diabetes include increased thirst, increased hunger, excessive fatigue, increased and frequent urination, especially at night, blurry vision. There are no symptoms for many patients with Prediabetes or gestation diabetes; however, when symptoms are present, they include the following: In Prediabetes, many people have no symptoms. In Gestation diabetes, no symptoms are visible, although a blood sugar test during pregnancy is used for diagnosis. These Symptoms could be the alarming sign of diabetes: frequent and excessive urination, loss of weight, nerve damage, blurred vision, fatigue, frequent infections, poor wound healing, and thirst. If any of the above symptoms are experienced, the best and important action plan would be to follow up with a primary care physician to diagnose the onset of diabetes. According to American Diabetes Association Type 2 diabetes can be assessed through the following tests
1. Hemoglobin A1c: this test measures the average glucose in the blood for the past three months and if the number is 6.5 or above, it is declared as diabetes.
2. Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG). This test measures the fasting glucose or blood sugar level. If the level is 126 mg/dl then it is considered as diabetic condition.3.Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT).This test measures the sugar level before and two hours after consuming glucose drink provided by physician for diagnosis. Glucose level in this range 199 mg /dl -200 mg/dl is considered diabetic condition.
Complications of Undiagnosed Diabetes: Type 2 Diabetes in majority of cases may be ignored and may not show any obvious symptoms to be recognized. If not well attended ,diabetes may affect heart nerves, blood vessels eyes and kidneys leading into major health issues such as 1.Eye or retina damage2.Hearing impairment3.Nerve damage Neuropathy4.Foot damage5.Kidney damage(Nephropathy)6.cardiovascular diseases, stroke, atherosclerosis, high blood pressure, angina.
Simple Ways to manage diabetes
To prevent diabetes, simple plan can be adopted 1. Adding fiber in daily meals, 2. whole grains food, 3. Manage body weight, 4. Avoid FAD diets 5. Healthier meal choices. 5. Daily physical activity
Prevention-Intervention.
In 2010, the Centers for Disease Control launched the National Diabetes Prevention Program to address the increasing number of prediabetic and battling type 2 diabetes patients. The 6-month program offers low-cost interventions that help prevent type 2 diabetes, which includes 1. A healthy diet, 2. Increased physical activity, 3. Achieving a healthy weight. All of which help improve blood pressure, cholesterol, and risk of heart disease. Simple plan for managing the Diabetes
Diabetes Type II: 1. Diet Plan 2. Exercise Daily 3. Medication on time 4. Insulin therapy if required.
Diabetes Type I: 1. Re gular monitoring of blood sugar 2. Insulin therapy 3. Diet 4. Exercise
Prediabetes: 1. Lifestyle modifications 2. Weight management
Gestational Diabetes: 1. Daily blood sugar monitoring, 2. A healthy low carb diet, 3. Monitoring the fetus 4. Medication, suggested if blood sugar is too high, 5. Appropriate mild exercise
Although people suffering from Type I Diabetes may benefit from proper diet and exercise. However, their conditions cannot be reversed compared to Type II diabetes, showing possible results.
While medicine and lifestyle changes are the most common treatments for diabetes, less common treatments, include bariatric surgery, an artificial pancreas, or pancreatic islet transplantation.
Family History
We inherit diet and exercise habits from our family, and these habits are likely to be linked to causing Type II Diabetes. It is more likely that if any of the family members had diabetes. In that case, it is more likely that you
may have chances of getting diabetes unless you develop a different healthy lifestyle to avoid it.
Pancreas Disease
During the digestion process, essential enzymes and hormones released from the pancreas, including Insulin, are vital for carbohydrate metabolism. Insulin, a vital hormone secreted by the pancreas, regulates glucose metabolism. Glucose is needed for the body to produce energy. Insulin enters the cells of the body to allow glucose in for energy usage. If the pancreas does not produce enough Insulin, glucose accumulates in the body resulting in feelings of thirstiness, nausea, and shortness of breath, also known as hyperglycemia. On the opposite spectrum, the low glucose level causes hypoglycemia, which shows symptoms, including shakiness, dizziness, and loss of consciousness. Infection. Higher levels of certain hormones such as adrenaline or cortisol are produced in various conditions such as pneumonia, urinary tract infections, or other illnesses. These hormones counter the effects of Insulin, triggering an onset of diabetic ketoacidosis. Ketosis is a complication of diabetes that results from increased levels of ketones in the blood.
Obesity
New research suggests that being overweight stresses the internal composition of individual cells, specifically the endoplasmic reticulum (E.R.). When the E.R. has too many nutrients to process, it sends out a signal to slow down the insulin receptors on each cell's surface, resulting in insulin resistance and a buildup of glucose in the blood.
Diabetes and Covid-19
While there is not enough evidence to prove that people with diabetes are more likely to get COVID-19, they are at a higher risk of developing more severe complications, including death resulting from contracting the virus. If diabetes is managed correctly, the risk of becoming severely sick from COVID-19 decreases. Nevertheless, medicines for diabetes are taken routinely as usual, and blood sugar can keep track of the results, as directed by the healthcare provider.
Diabetes and Vitamin in Nutrition
B vitamins are water-soluble and the most common vitamin in human nutrition and required for normal cell function, energy production, metabolism, cellular replication, cell repair, and nerve function. The B vitamins are 1. Vitamin B1 Thiamine, 2. Vitamin B2 Riboflavin, 3. Vitamin B3 Niacin, 4. Vitamin B5 Pantothenic acid, 5. Vitamin B6 Pyridoxine, 6. Vitamin B 8 Biotin, Vitamin B9 folic acid, Vitamin B12 Cobalamin B12.
In diabetic patients' frequent urination is experienced due to osmotic effects of excessive sugar content in blood, and excretion of Vit B may increase, resulting in a deficiency resulting in weakness and lethargy. Vit B12 is often valuable for diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Niacin NADPH Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate is a ubiquitous cofactor responsible for cellular energy production, beneficial for everyday functions. Biotin also is essential for the enzyme action of Pyruvate Decarboxylase involved in carbohydrate metabolic reactions.
Heart diseases and stroke is of concern in diabetic patients, so avoiding saturated fat becomes essential and should be avoided. The foods rich in saturated fat should be avoided: meat, butter, cheese, egg yolk, fast foods,
cookies. Maintaining normal weight reduces the risk of diabetes. All carbohydrates convert into sugar, so including fiber which is also carbohydrate has the added benefits. Foods with whole grains such as amaranth, buckwheat, brown rice, quinoa, pearled barley, hulled barley, whole wheat are recommended to consume as a source of complex carbohydrate. Sweetened beverages, soft drinks with excessive sugars should not be the part of the diet as it raises the blood sugar level. Most
fast foods are rich in calories; therefore, it is not a wise choice for considering as a daily meal. Ideally, fruits could be used wisely as a snack with portion control, not a whole meal. Although fruits are rich in sugar and can raise blood sugar levels, they are also a source of vitamins, minerals, fibers, and antioxidants. The best solution for managing diabetes is to properly maintain a daily routine and create a pattern of food habits exercise based on the lifestyle of individuals.
Clearly Auctoresonline and particularly Psychology and Mental Health Care Journal is dedicated to improving health care services for individuals and populations. The editorial boards' ability to efficiently recognize and share the global importance of health literacy with a variety of stakeholders. Auctoresonline publishing platform can be used to facilitate of optimal client-based services and should be added to health care professionals' repertoire of evidence-based health care resources.
Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Intervention The submission and review process was adequate. However I think that the publication total value should have been enlightened in early fases. Thank you for all.
Journal of Women Health Care and Issues By the present mail, I want to say thank to you and tour colleagues for facilitating my published article. Specially thank you for the peer review process, support from the editorial office. I appreciate positively the quality of your journal.
Journal of Clinical Research and Reports I would be very delighted to submit my testimonial regarding the reviewer board and the editorial office. The reviewer board were accurate and helpful regarding any modifications for my manuscript. And the editorial office were very helpful and supportive in contacting and monitoring with any update and offering help. It was my pleasure to contribute with your promising Journal and I am looking forward for more collaboration.
We would like to thank the Journal of Thoracic Disease and Cardiothoracic Surgery because of the services they provided us for our articles. The peer-review process was done in a very excellent time manner, and the opinions of the reviewers helped us to improve our manuscript further. The editorial office had an outstanding correspondence with us and guided us in many ways. During a hard time of the pandemic that is affecting every one of us tremendously, the editorial office helped us make everything easier for publishing scientific work. Hope for a more scientific relationship with your Journal.
The peer-review process which consisted high quality queries on the paper. I did answer six reviewers’ questions and comments before the paper was accepted. The support from the editorial office is excellent.
Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. I had the experience of publishing a research article recently. The whole process was simple from submission to publication. The reviewers made specific and valuable recommendations and corrections that improved the quality of my publication. I strongly recommend this Journal.
Dr. Katarzyna Byczkowska My testimonial covering: "The peer review process is quick and effective. The support from the editorial office is very professional and friendly. Quality of the Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on cardiology that is useful for other professionals in the field.
Thank you most sincerely, with regard to the support you have given in relation to the reviewing process and the processing of my article entitled "Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of The Prostate Gland: A Review and Update" for publication in your esteemed Journal, Journal of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics". The editorial team has been very supportive.
Testimony of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology: work with your Reviews has been a educational and constructive experience. The editorial office were very helpful and supportive. It was a pleasure to contribute to your Journal.
Dr. Bernard Terkimbi Utoo, I am happy to publish my scientific work in Journal of Women Health Care and Issues (JWHCI). The manuscript submission was seamless and peer review process was top notch. I was amazed that 4 reviewers worked on the manuscript which made it a highly technical, standard and excellent quality paper. I appreciate the format and consideration for the APC as well as the speed of publication. It is my pleasure to continue with this scientific relationship with the esteem JWHCI.
This is an acknowledgment for peer reviewers, editorial board of Journal of Clinical Research and Reports. They show a lot of consideration for us as publishers for our research article “Evaluation of the different factors associated with side effects of COVID-19 vaccination on medical students, Mutah university, Al-Karak, Jordan”, in a very professional and easy way. This journal is one of outstanding medical journal.
Dear Hao Jiang, to Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing We greatly appreciate the efficient, professional and rapid processing of our paper by your team. If there is anything else we should do, please do not hesitate to let us know. On behalf of my co-authors, we would like to express our great appreciation to editor and reviewers.
As an author who has recently published in the journal "Brain and Neurological Disorders". I am delighted to provide a testimonial on the peer review process, editorial office support, and the overall quality of the journal. The peer review process at Brain and Neurological Disorders is rigorous and meticulous, ensuring that only high-quality, evidence-based research is published. The reviewers are experts in their fields, and their comments and suggestions were constructive and helped improve the quality of my manuscript. The review process was timely and efficient, with clear communication from the editorial office at each stage. The support from the editorial office was exceptional throughout the entire process. The editorial staff was responsive, professional, and always willing to help. They provided valuable guidance on formatting, structure, and ethical considerations, making the submission process seamless. Moreover, they kept me informed about the status of my manuscript and provided timely updates, which made the process less stressful. The journal Brain and Neurological Disorders is of the highest quality, with a strong focus on publishing cutting-edge research in the field of neurology. The articles published in this journal are well-researched, rigorously peer-reviewed, and written by experts in the field. The journal maintains high standards, ensuring that readers are provided with the most up-to-date and reliable information on brain and neurological disorders. In conclusion, I had a wonderful experience publishing in Brain and Neurological Disorders. The peer review process was thorough, the editorial office provided exceptional support, and the journal's quality is second to none. I would highly recommend this journal to any researcher working in the field of neurology and brain disorders.
Dear Agrippa Hilda, Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery, Editorial Coordinator, I trust this message finds you well. I want to extend my appreciation for considering my article for publication in your esteemed journal. I am pleased to provide a testimonial regarding the peer review process and the support received from your editorial office. The peer review process for my paper was carried out in a highly professional and thorough manner. The feedback and comments provided by the authors were constructive and very useful in improving the quality of the manuscript. This rigorous assessment process undoubtedly contributes to the high standards maintained by your journal.
International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. I strongly recommend to consider submitting your work to this high-quality journal. The support and availability of the Editorial staff is outstanding and the review process was both efficient and rigorous.
Thank you very much for publishing my Research Article titled “Comparing Treatment Outcome Of Allergic Rhinitis Patients After Using Fluticasone Nasal Spray And Nasal Douching" in the Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology. As Medical Professionals we are immensely benefited from study of various informative Articles and Papers published in this high quality Journal. I look forward to enriching my knowledge by regular study of the Journal and contribute my future work in the field of ENT through the Journal for use by the medical fraternity. The support from the Editorial office was excellent and very prompt. I also welcome the comments received from the readers of my Research Article.
Dear Erica Kelsey, Editorial Coordinator of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics Our team is very satisfied with the processing of our paper by your journal. That was fast, efficient, rigorous, but without unnecessary complications. We appreciated the very short time between the submission of the paper and its publication on line on your site.
I am very glad to say that the peer review process is very successful and fast and support from the Editorial Office. Therefore, I would like to continue our scientific relationship for a long time. And I especially thank you for your kindly attention towards my article. Have a good day!
"We recently published an article entitled “Influence of beta-Cyclodextrins upon the Degradation of Carbofuran Derivatives under Alkaline Conditions" in the Journal of “Pesticides and Biofertilizers” to show that the cyclodextrins protect the carbamates increasing their half-life time in the presence of basic conditions This will be very helpful to understand carbofuran behaviour in the analytical, agro-environmental and food areas. We greatly appreciated the interaction with the editor and the editorial team; we were particularly well accompanied during the course of the revision process, since all various steps towards publication were short and without delay".
I would like to express my gratitude towards you process of article review and submission. I found this to be very fair and expedient. Your follow up has been excellent. I have many publications in national and international journal and your process has been one of the best so far. Keep up the great work.
We are grateful for this opportunity to provide a glowing recommendation to the Journal of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy. We found that the editorial team were very supportive, helpful, kept us abreast of timelines and over all very professional in nature. The peer review process was rigorous, efficient and constructive that really enhanced our article submission. The experience with this journal remains one of our best ever and we look forward to providing future submissions in the near future.
I am very pleased to serve as EBM of the journal, I hope many years of my experience in stem cells can help the journal from one way or another. As we know, stem cells hold great potential for regenerative medicine, which are mostly used to promote the repair response of diseased, dysfunctional or injured tissue using stem cells or their derivatives. I think Stem Cell Research and Therapeutics International is a great platform to publish and share the understanding towards the biology and translational or clinical application of stem cells.
I would like to give my testimony in the support I have got by the peer review process and to support the editorial office where they were of asset to support young author like me to be encouraged to publish their work in your respected journal and globalize and share knowledge across the globe. I really give my great gratitude to your journal and the peer review including the editorial office.
I am delighted to publish our manuscript entitled "A Perspective on Cocaine Induced Stroke - Its Mechanisms and Management" in the Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. The peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal are excellent. The manuscripts published are of high quality and of excellent scientific value. I recommend this journal very much to colleagues.
Dr.Tania Muñoz, My experience as researcher and author of a review article in The Journal Clinical Cardiology and Interventions has been very enriching and stimulating. The editorial team is excellent, performs its work with absolute responsibility and delivery. They are proactive, dynamic and receptive to all proposals. Supporting at all times the vast universe of authors who choose them as an option for publication. The team of review specialists, members of the editorial board, are brilliant professionals, with remarkable performance in medical research and scientific methodology. Together they form a frontline team that consolidates the JCCI as a magnificent option for the publication and review of high-level medical articles and broad collective interest. I am honored to be able to share my review article and open to receive all your comments.
“The peer review process of JPMHC is quick and effective. Authors are benefited by good and professional reviewers with huge experience in the field of psychology and mental health. The support from the editorial office is very professional. People to contact to are friendly and happy to help and assist any query authors might have. Quality of the Journal is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on mental health that is useful for other professionals in the field”.
Dear editorial department: On behalf of our team, I hereby certify the reliability and superiority of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews in the peer review process, editorial support, and journal quality. Firstly, the peer review process of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is rigorous, fair, transparent, fast, and of high quality. The editorial department invites experts from relevant fields as anonymous reviewers to review all submitted manuscripts. These experts have rich academic backgrounds and experience, and can accurately evaluate the academic quality, originality, and suitability of manuscripts. The editorial department is committed to ensuring the rigor of the peer review process, while also making every effort to ensure a fast review cycle to meet the needs of authors and the academic community. Secondly, the editorial team of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is composed of a group of senior scholars and professionals with rich experience and professional knowledge in related fields. The editorial department is committed to assisting authors in improving their manuscripts, ensuring their academic accuracy, clarity, and completeness. Editors actively collaborate with authors, providing useful suggestions and feedback to promote the improvement and development of the manuscript. We believe that the support of the editorial department is one of the key factors in ensuring the quality of the journal. Finally, the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is renowned for its high- quality articles and strict academic standards. The editorial department is committed to publishing innovative and academically valuable research results to promote the development and progress of related fields. The International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is reasonably priced and ensures excellent service and quality ratio, allowing authors to obtain high-level academic publishing opportunities in an affordable manner. I hereby solemnly declare that the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews has a high level of credibility and superiority in terms of peer review process, editorial support, reasonable fees, and journal quality. Sincerely, Rui Tao.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions I testity the covering of the peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal.
