AUCTORES
Globalize your Research
Research Article | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/2578-8868/012
1 Department Social Neuroscience, Zimbabwe.
*Corresponding Author: Melina Oison,Department Social Neuroscience, Zimbabwe
Citation: Melina Oison, Juniper Drakken,Deep Brain Stimulation in Treatment of Mental Illness,Doi: 10.31579/2578-8868/012
Copyright: © 2017 Melina Oison. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of The Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Received: 17 January 2017 | Accepted: 28 January 2017 | Published: 11 February 2017
Keywords: hydromolecular hypothesis; dehydration; dementia
Abnormalities of water homeostasis can be early expressions of neuronal dysfunction, brain atrophy, chronic cerebrovasculopathy and neurodegenerative disease. The aim of this study was to analyze the serum osmolality of subjects with cognitive impairment.The hydromolecular hypothesis intends to explain the relationship between dehydration and cognitive impairment in older patients as the result of protein misfolding and aggregation, in the presence of a low interstitial fluid volume, which is a defect of the microcirculation. Defective proteins were shown to impair the amount of information in brain biomolecular mechanisms, with consequent neuronal and synaptic damage.
The regulation of water balance is governed by a feedback mechanism involving the function and interaction of different regions of the central nervous system and the kidneys. Plasma osmolality indicates the level of body hydration and hypothalamus osmoreceptors detect and are sensitive to its variations. High plasma osmolality, increased to levels above a physiologic threshold (290 to 295 mOsm per kilogram of water), leads to secretion of the peptide hormone, vasopressin, from the vasopressinergic nerve endings in the neurohypophysis. Vasopressin binds receptors in the kidney that decrease the excretion of water, and subsequently, a greater fraction of filtered water is returned to the blood. This process lowers the plasma osmolality, reduces the stimulus for vasopressin secretion and thirst and completes the feedback loop. Failure of this mechanism, which is commonly observed in hospitalized patients, results in a variety of water balance disorders. More recent evidence has clarified that the aging process is commonly related to multiple abnormalities in water homeostasis, highlighting its effects on morbidity, cognition, osteoporosis, fractures, gait instability, and mortality. In older patients, water homeostasis regulation can be altered because of multifactorial mechanisms, such as renal function alterations, body composition and hypothalamic–pituitary regulation of thirst and vasopressin secretion changes.
The present study was conducted according to the Declaration of Helsinki, the Guidelines for Good Clinical Practice and the Guidelines for Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology, and it was approved by the local ethics committee for human experimentation (Prot. No. 3877/DS). The study was an observational study, in which the assignment of an intervention to the participants, its effect assessment and health-related biomedical or behavioural outcomes are not considered. In the present study, healthy participants were recruited as control subjects.
Inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) age ≥65 years; (2) diagnosis of a subjective cognitive impairment (SCI) according to the Subjective Cognitive Decline Initiative (SCD-I) Working Group ; (3) diagnosis of late-life depression (LLD) according to the (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fifth Edition) DSM 5 criteria; (4) diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) according to the National Institute on Aging—Alzheimer’s Association (NIAAA) criteria; (5) diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) according to the NIAAA criteria; (6) diagnosis of Lewy body disease (LBD) according to the (Dementia with Lewy bodies) DLB consortium criteria; (7) diagnosis of vascular dementia (VaD) according to the criteria of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke—Association Internationale pour la Recherche et l’Enseignement en Neurosciences (NINDS-AIREN) [work group; (8) the ability to provide informed consent or the availability of a relative or legal guardian in the case of severe demented patients. The exclusion criteria were as follows: (1) diagnosis of mixed dementia (MxD); (2) presence of a serious comorbidity, tumors, other diseases or physiological status (ascertained blood infections, vitamin B12 deficiency, anemia, disorders of the thyroid, kidneys, or liver), that could be causally related to cognitive impairment; (3) history of alcohol or drug abuse, head trauma, and other causes that could cause memory impairment.
For dichotomous variables, hypotheses regarding differences between groups were tested using the Fisher’s exact test. This analysis was made using the 2-Way Contingency Table Analysis.
During the enrolment period, 1135 older patients were screened for inclusion in the study. Of these, nine patients were excluded because they were younger than 65 years, 12 patients had an incomplete examination and 23 patients had MxD. Thus, the final population included 1091 patients, 542 men (49.70%) and 549 women (50.3%), with a mean age of 78.80 ± 6.72 years and an age range from 65 to 97 years. Therefore, 520 patients (Male: 326, Female: 194; mean age of 77.64 ± 6.60 years, range 65–95 years) were included in the control group, and 571 patients (Male: 216, Female: 355; mean age of 79.94 ± 6.67 years, range 65–97 years) had cognitive decline and/or depression mood (CD-DM). The demographic and clinical characteristics of the control group and patients with CD-DM are summarized in Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of control group and patients with cognitive decline and/or depression mood (CD-DM).
Dehydration has been reported to be the most common fluid and electrolyte imbalance in older adults [. Recent clinical studies have shown that the hydration state affects cognitive performance, particularly visual attention and mood.The changes in extracellular osmolality inevitably affect the intracellular environment determining important alterations in the volume and function of cellular mechanisms causing irreversible morphological and functional damage. Thus, these changes could be major contributing factors to age-related neurovascular vulnerabilities and are currently under intense investigation as potential therapeutic targets. It has been hypothesized that chronic hypovolemia, due to hypohydration, is perhaps one of the principal mechanisms behind the development of obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and even Alzheimer’s disease. Hospitalized older adults suffering from dehydration have been reported to have mortality rates as high as 45–46%, but only a few studies exist regarding water intake and excretion in older patients.
Conclusion
Thus, dehydration among patients with Alzheimer's disease is an issue that nursing staff must recognize. Nursing staff should receive the appropriate education in order to address the issue of dehydration with this population. Having a plan of care for hydration for each patient may identify the barriers of hydration and lead to interventions that are needed to decrease the risk of dehydration. Interventions to overcome these hydration barriers must be developed, implemented, and evaluated not only by the nursing staff but by the family members. This collaborative effort may decrease the chances of a patient from becoming dehydrated and having to be treated for dehydration.
Clearly Auctoresonline and particularly Psychology and Mental Health Care Journal is dedicated to improving health care services for individuals and populations. The editorial boards' ability to efficiently recognize and share the global importance of health literacy with a variety of stakeholders. Auctoresonline publishing platform can be used to facilitate of optimal client-based services and should be added to health care professionals' repertoire of evidence-based health care resources.
Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Intervention The submission and review process was adequate. However I think that the publication total value should have been enlightened in early fases. Thank you for all.
Journal of Women Health Care and Issues By the present mail, I want to say thank to you and tour colleagues for facilitating my published article. Specially thank you for the peer review process, support from the editorial office. I appreciate positively the quality of your journal.
Journal of Clinical Research and Reports I would be very delighted to submit my testimonial regarding the reviewer board and the editorial office. The reviewer board were accurate and helpful regarding any modifications for my manuscript. And the editorial office were very helpful and supportive in contacting and monitoring with any update and offering help. It was my pleasure to contribute with your promising Journal and I am looking forward for more collaboration.
We would like to thank the Journal of Thoracic Disease and Cardiothoracic Surgery because of the services they provided us for our articles. The peer-review process was done in a very excellent time manner, and the opinions of the reviewers helped us to improve our manuscript further. The editorial office had an outstanding correspondence with us and guided us in many ways. During a hard time of the pandemic that is affecting every one of us tremendously, the editorial office helped us make everything easier for publishing scientific work. Hope for a more scientific relationship with your Journal.
The peer-review process which consisted high quality queries on the paper. I did answer six reviewers’ questions and comments before the paper was accepted. The support from the editorial office is excellent.
Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. I had the experience of publishing a research article recently. The whole process was simple from submission to publication. The reviewers made specific and valuable recommendations and corrections that improved the quality of my publication. I strongly recommend this Journal.
Dr. Katarzyna Byczkowska My testimonial covering: "The peer review process is quick and effective. The support from the editorial office is very professional and friendly. Quality of the Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on cardiology that is useful for other professionals in the field.
Thank you most sincerely, with regard to the support you have given in relation to the reviewing process and the processing of my article entitled "Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of The Prostate Gland: A Review and Update" for publication in your esteemed Journal, Journal of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics". The editorial team has been very supportive.
Testimony of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology: work with your Reviews has been a educational and constructive experience. The editorial office were very helpful and supportive. It was a pleasure to contribute to your Journal.
Dr. Bernard Terkimbi Utoo, I am happy to publish my scientific work in Journal of Women Health Care and Issues (JWHCI). The manuscript submission was seamless and peer review process was top notch. I was amazed that 4 reviewers worked on the manuscript which made it a highly technical, standard and excellent quality paper. I appreciate the format and consideration for the APC as well as the speed of publication. It is my pleasure to continue with this scientific relationship with the esteem JWHCI.
This is an acknowledgment for peer reviewers, editorial board of Journal of Clinical Research and Reports. They show a lot of consideration for us as publishers for our research article “Evaluation of the different factors associated with side effects of COVID-19 vaccination on medical students, Mutah university, Al-Karak, Jordan”, in a very professional and easy way. This journal is one of outstanding medical journal.
Dear Hao Jiang, to Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing We greatly appreciate the efficient, professional and rapid processing of our paper by your team. If there is anything else we should do, please do not hesitate to let us know. On behalf of my co-authors, we would like to express our great appreciation to editor and reviewers.
As an author who has recently published in the journal "Brain and Neurological Disorders". I am delighted to provide a testimonial on the peer review process, editorial office support, and the overall quality of the journal. The peer review process at Brain and Neurological Disorders is rigorous and meticulous, ensuring that only high-quality, evidence-based research is published. The reviewers are experts in their fields, and their comments and suggestions were constructive and helped improve the quality of my manuscript. The review process was timely and efficient, with clear communication from the editorial office at each stage. The support from the editorial office was exceptional throughout the entire process. The editorial staff was responsive, professional, and always willing to help. They provided valuable guidance on formatting, structure, and ethical considerations, making the submission process seamless. Moreover, they kept me informed about the status of my manuscript and provided timely updates, which made the process less stressful. The journal Brain and Neurological Disorders is of the highest quality, with a strong focus on publishing cutting-edge research in the field of neurology. The articles published in this journal are well-researched, rigorously peer-reviewed, and written by experts in the field. The journal maintains high standards, ensuring that readers are provided with the most up-to-date and reliable information on brain and neurological disorders. In conclusion, I had a wonderful experience publishing in Brain and Neurological Disorders. The peer review process was thorough, the editorial office provided exceptional support, and the journal's quality is second to none. I would highly recommend this journal to any researcher working in the field of neurology and brain disorders.
Dear Agrippa Hilda, Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery, Editorial Coordinator, I trust this message finds you well. I want to extend my appreciation for considering my article for publication in your esteemed journal. I am pleased to provide a testimonial regarding the peer review process and the support received from your editorial office. The peer review process for my paper was carried out in a highly professional and thorough manner. The feedback and comments provided by the authors were constructive and very useful in improving the quality of the manuscript. This rigorous assessment process undoubtedly contributes to the high standards maintained by your journal.
International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. I strongly recommend to consider submitting your work to this high-quality journal. The support and availability of the Editorial staff is outstanding and the review process was both efficient and rigorous.
Thank you very much for publishing my Research Article titled “Comparing Treatment Outcome Of Allergic Rhinitis Patients After Using Fluticasone Nasal Spray And Nasal Douching" in the Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology. As Medical Professionals we are immensely benefited from study of various informative Articles and Papers published in this high quality Journal. I look forward to enriching my knowledge by regular study of the Journal and contribute my future work in the field of ENT through the Journal for use by the medical fraternity. The support from the Editorial office was excellent and very prompt. I also welcome the comments received from the readers of my Research Article.
Dear Erica Kelsey, Editorial Coordinator of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics Our team is very satisfied with the processing of our paper by your journal. That was fast, efficient, rigorous, but without unnecessary complications. We appreciated the very short time between the submission of the paper and its publication on line on your site.
I am very glad to say that the peer review process is very successful and fast and support from the Editorial Office. Therefore, I would like to continue our scientific relationship for a long time. And I especially thank you for your kindly attention towards my article. Have a good day!
"We recently published an article entitled “Influence of beta-Cyclodextrins upon the Degradation of Carbofuran Derivatives under Alkaline Conditions" in the Journal of “Pesticides and Biofertilizers” to show that the cyclodextrins protect the carbamates increasing their half-life time in the presence of basic conditions This will be very helpful to understand carbofuran behaviour in the analytical, agro-environmental and food areas. We greatly appreciated the interaction with the editor and the editorial team; we were particularly well accompanied during the course of the revision process, since all various steps towards publication were short and without delay".
I would like to express my gratitude towards you process of article review and submission. I found this to be very fair and expedient. Your follow up has been excellent. I have many publications in national and international journal and your process has been one of the best so far. Keep up the great work.
We are grateful for this opportunity to provide a glowing recommendation to the Journal of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy. We found that the editorial team were very supportive, helpful, kept us abreast of timelines and over all very professional in nature. The peer review process was rigorous, efficient and constructive that really enhanced our article submission. The experience with this journal remains one of our best ever and we look forward to providing future submissions in the near future.
I am very pleased to serve as EBM of the journal, I hope many years of my experience in stem cells can help the journal from one way or another. As we know, stem cells hold great potential for regenerative medicine, which are mostly used to promote the repair response of diseased, dysfunctional or injured tissue using stem cells or their derivatives. I think Stem Cell Research and Therapeutics International is a great platform to publish and share the understanding towards the biology and translational or clinical application of stem cells.
I would like to give my testimony in the support I have got by the peer review process and to support the editorial office where they were of asset to support young author like me to be encouraged to publish their work in your respected journal and globalize and share knowledge across the globe. I really give my great gratitude to your journal and the peer review including the editorial office.
I am delighted to publish our manuscript entitled "A Perspective on Cocaine Induced Stroke - Its Mechanisms and Management" in the Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. The peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal are excellent. The manuscripts published are of high quality and of excellent scientific value. I recommend this journal very much to colleagues.
Dr.Tania Muñoz, My experience as researcher and author of a review article in The Journal Clinical Cardiology and Interventions has been very enriching and stimulating. The editorial team is excellent, performs its work with absolute responsibility and delivery. They are proactive, dynamic and receptive to all proposals. Supporting at all times the vast universe of authors who choose them as an option for publication. The team of review specialists, members of the editorial board, are brilliant professionals, with remarkable performance in medical research and scientific methodology. Together they form a frontline team that consolidates the JCCI as a magnificent option for the publication and review of high-level medical articles and broad collective interest. I am honored to be able to share my review article and open to receive all your comments.
“The peer review process of JPMHC is quick and effective. Authors are benefited by good and professional reviewers with huge experience in the field of psychology and mental health. The support from the editorial office is very professional. People to contact to are friendly and happy to help and assist any query authors might have. Quality of the Journal is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on mental health that is useful for other professionals in the field”.
Dear editorial department: On behalf of our team, I hereby certify the reliability and superiority of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews in the peer review process, editorial support, and journal quality. Firstly, the peer review process of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is rigorous, fair, transparent, fast, and of high quality. The editorial department invites experts from relevant fields as anonymous reviewers to review all submitted manuscripts. These experts have rich academic backgrounds and experience, and can accurately evaluate the academic quality, originality, and suitability of manuscripts. The editorial department is committed to ensuring the rigor of the peer review process, while also making every effort to ensure a fast review cycle to meet the needs of authors and the academic community. Secondly, the editorial team of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is composed of a group of senior scholars and professionals with rich experience and professional knowledge in related fields. The editorial department is committed to assisting authors in improving their manuscripts, ensuring their academic accuracy, clarity, and completeness. Editors actively collaborate with authors, providing useful suggestions and feedback to promote the improvement and development of the manuscript. We believe that the support of the editorial department is one of the key factors in ensuring the quality of the journal. Finally, the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is renowned for its high- quality articles and strict academic standards. The editorial department is committed to publishing innovative and academically valuable research results to promote the development and progress of related fields. The International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is reasonably priced and ensures excellent service and quality ratio, allowing authors to obtain high-level academic publishing opportunities in an affordable manner. I hereby solemnly declare that the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews has a high level of credibility and superiority in terms of peer review process, editorial support, reasonable fees, and journal quality. Sincerely, Rui Tao.
