AUCTORES
Globalize your Research
Research Article | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/JHV-2021/021
*Corresponding Author: K. C. Bhuyan, Department of Statistics, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka Bangladesh
Citation: K. C. Bhuyan. (2021) Socioeconomic variables responsible for hypertensive heart disease among Bangladeshi adults. J, Heart and Vasculature 1(5); DOI: 10.31579/JHV-2021/021
Copyright: © 2021, K. C. Bhuyan, This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Received: 22 May 2021 | Accepted: 17 July 2021 | Published: 20 August 2021
Keywords: socioeconomic variables, hypertension, heart disease, risk ratio, discriminant analysis, correlation coefficient of discriminant function score and socioeconomic variable
The information presented here were the analytical results of data collected from a sample of 995 adults of age 18 years and above residing in both urban and rural areas of Bangladesh. The respondents were investigated to identify some responsible variables for prevalence of hypertensive heart disease in them. In the sample 50.1% were males and for them the risk of hypertensive heart disease was 57% more as it was in females. The percentages of urban residents, non-Muslims, married persons, eldest group of adults, higher educated people, retired persons, and persons from richest families in respect of income and expenditure were 46.4, 14.8, 93.1, 8.0, 57.5, 12.3, 12.6 and 13.5, respectively. All these groups of adults had more chance to be affected by the disease. The risk of prevalence of hypertensive heart disease in obese adults (31.4%), diabetic adults (67%), smokers (33.1%), process food consumers (36.5%), physically inactive persons (48.3%) and adults involved in sedentary activity (44.4%) were too high. However, the most responsible variable for prevalence was body mass index followed by duration of diabetes, smoking habit, family income, age, sedentary activity and family expenditure. These were identified by discriminant analysis.
Hypertension also called elevated blood pressure when blood pressure ≥ 140 / 90 and hypertensive heart disease refers to heart conditions caused by elevated blood pressure [1, 2, 3, 4 ]. Longstanding hypertension leads to heart failure and most of the patients with heart failure have a history of hypertension [5]. It is the most common modifiable risk factor for premature cardiovascular disease (CVD) and it coexists with other major risk factors such as heart failure, and stroke [1, 5, 6, 7, 8]. It is also responsible for 13% global death [9]. Three-quarters of the world’s hypertensive people reside in low-and – middle-income countries and the problem prevails more in Southeast Asia, particularly in Bangladesh [7, 9]. In Bangladesh, approximately 20% of adults and 40 – 65% of elderly people suffer from hypertension [10, 11]. Current prevalence rate of hypertension is 20-25% among adults in Bangladesh [12]. Again, obesity is the risk factor not only for hypertension but also for diabetes [13]. People with both diabetes and hypertension have approximately twice the risk of cardiovascular diseases compared to the people with non-diabetic hypertension [14]. The prevalence of hypertension among diabetic patients is around three times compared to the people of non-diabetic hypertension [15]. Hypertension prevailed in around 30 % patients of type 1 diabetes and 50 – 60% patients of type 2 diabetes [16]. In separate studies, it was reported that diabetes had a role in the development of hypertension, especially type 2 diabetes around 2.5 times likely to develop in patients with hypertension compared to subjects having normal blood pressure [17, 18]. Simultaneous occurrence of obesity and hypertension in the same individual doubles the risk of cardiovascular deaths [19].
Obesity is one of the most risk factors for the development of hypertension and both these health hazard are recognized as public health challenges [20, 21]. This problem is in increasing trend worldwide. The number of adults with hypertension will be increasing by approximately 60% to a total of 1.56 billion in 2025 in comparison with 2000 [20].
Obesity and its associated cardiovascular and renal disorders are major threat to global health [20, 21]. The problem is nearly doubled since 1980 and tripled in 2025. In 2016, WHO reported that the overweight adults were 1.9 billion and obese adults were 650 million throughout the world [22]. Simultaneous occurrence of obesity and hypertension in the same individual doubles the risk of cardiovascular deaths [23]. Obesity and its associated cardiovascular and renal disorders are major threat to global health [20, 24, 25]. The problem is nearly doubled since 1980 and tripled since 1975 [26].
The above mentioned facts indicate that obesity, diabetes, hypertension and CVD are inter-related non-communicable diseases. In some studies it was noted that hypertension, diabetes, body mass index , intake of excess fatty acid and salty food, age, gender, occupation, family income and expenditure , lifestyle related factors, sedentary activity, physical inactivity, non-adherence to antihypertensive treatment, family history of the disease, were associated with CVD [1, 11, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32].
Keeping the above mentioned facts and information the plan was formulated to identify the socioeconomic variables responsible for hypertensive heart disease among Bangladeshi adults.
According to the objective of the study the data were recorded from 995 adults of age 18 years and above by quota sampling plan to cover males and females in the ratio 50.1: 49.9 as this ratio is prevailed in the national level of population of Bangladesh [33]. Out of 995 respondents 498 were males and 497 were females and they were the residents of both urban and rural localities. As the adults were investigated from diagnostic centre, most (67%) of them were found diabetic patients.
The data were collected during the session 2018-19 by some nurses with the help of medical assistants working in some diagnostic centres. The centres were selected from urban and semi-urban areas by convenience sampling plan. The information of different socioeconomic variables of each selected respondent were recorded through a pre-designed and pre-tested questionnaire which contains different questions related to residence, religion, gender, marital status, age, education, occupation, family income, etc. Beside these personal data, other information were on life-style, and prevalence of any of the non-communicable diseases, duration of diabetes, and the stages of treatment of the disease along with the information of family income and family expenditure. Some of the variables were qualitative and some were quantitative in nature, but all the variables were recorded in nominal scale for ease of analysis. The data of weight ( in kg ) divided by height ( in metre2) was used to measure the value of body mass index (BMI) to identify obese adults (if BMI ≥ 27.5; underweight ,if BMI< 18>
To fulfil the objective of the study, the association of each of socioeconomic variable with simultaneous prevalence of hypertensive heart disease was investigated, where significant association was decided if p-value of any was ≤ 0.05. Irrespective of significant or insignificant association, the risk ratio and its confidence interval was calculated for adults for whom prevalence of hypertensive heart disease was noted in higher rate for a particular level of a socioeconomic variable. Finally, discriminant analysis was done to discriminate the adults of hypertensive heart disease from other adults. In discriminating the respondents the identification of some variables were done which were responsible for this discrimination. The responsible variables were identified by the higher absolute values of correlation coefficients with discriminant function score and variable values [36, 37, 38]. All the calculations were done using SPSS Version 25.
The respondents were classified by prevalence of non-communicable disease and level of blood pressure. Among the respondents 60.9% were free of any non-communicable disease except diabetes. The other 39.1% had different types of health hazard. Their percentages were shown in Table 1.
It was seen that 5.9% people were hypertensive and 30.5% of them had heart problem. The level of blood pressure and type of disease of the respondents were significantly associated [X2=133.365,p-value=0.000]. In the sample 18 (1.8%) adults were the patients of hypertensive heart disease and the remaining 977 respondents were free of this health problem. Hence we had two groups of respondents and these two groups were classified by different levels of socioeconomic variables and the association of each of the socioeconomic variable with prevalence of hypertensive heart disease was investigated.
The sample contained 46.4% urban adults and 2.4% of them were patients of hypertensive heart disease [Table 2]. They had 80% more chance of affecting by the disease compared to the chance of rural adults [R.R=1.80, C.I{0.704,4.603]. But hypertensive heart disease was independent of residence as was observed by Chi-square test [X2= 1.544, p-value=0.214]. The percentage of male respondents was 50.1 and 2.2% of them were facing the problem of hypertensive heart disease. For them the risk of the disease was 57% more than that of females [R.R.=1.57, C.I.{0.618,9.025}]. However, prevalence of hypertensive heart disease was not significantly different for gender variation [X2= 0.897, p-value= 0.344]. Non-Muslim adults were only 14.8% but 2.7% of them were affected by this health hazard and they had 65% more chance to face this problem as it was in Muslim adults [R.R= 1.65, C.I.{0.583, 4.672}]. Rate of prevalence of hypertensive heart disease was not significantly different for both the religious groups [X2= 0.808, p-value=0.369]. The chance of prevalence of hypertensive heart disease among married adults (93.1%) was 22% more as it was in others [R.R.=1.22,C.I.{0.165,9.025}]. However, marital status was not associated with prevalence of hypertensive heart disease
[X2= 0.054, p – value=0.816].
Age was significantly associated with prevalence of hypertensive heart disease [X2= 14.054,p-value=0.007].The rate of prevalence was in increasing trend with the increase in age.
The percentage of adults of age 60 years and above was 8.0 and 5.3% of them were patients of hypertensive heart disease. For them the chance of affecting by the problem was 4.40 times as it was for other adults [R.R.=4.40,C.I.{ 1.610,11.951}]. The sample higher educated adults were 57.5% and 2.6% of them were suffering simultaneously from hypertension and heart disease. This group of adults had 2.70 times more chance of affecting by this health hazard compared to the chance of others [ R.R.= 3.70, C.I.{ 1.308,12.695}].There was no significant trend in the rate of prevalence of hypertensive heart problem with the increase in level of education [X2=5.629, p-value= 0.131]. In the sample there were 12.3% retired persons and 2.3% of them were the patients of hypertensive heart problem. They had 43% more chance of facing this health problem compared to the chance of other professionals [R.R.=1.43,C.I.{ 0.420,4.868}]. Prevalence of hypertensive heart disease was not significantly associated with occupation [X2=0.871, p-value=0.929]. The percentage of adults not involved in physical labour was 51.7% and 2.5% of them were the patients of hypertensive heart disease. Their chance of affecting by the problem was 2.43 times as it was for others [R.R.=2.43,C.I.{ 0.874,6.760}]. However, prevalence of hypertensive heart disease was not statistically associated with involvement in physical labour [X2= 3.104,p –value= 0.078]. The percentage of respondents involved in sedentary activity was 44.4 and 2.9% of them were the patients of hypertensive heart disease. Among them the chance of prevalence of the problem was 3.25 times as it was in others [R.R.=3.25,C.I.{1.168,9.041}]. The prevalence of this health hazard was significantly associated with the utilization of time by the adults [X2= 5.738, p –value = 0.017].
The percentage of adults coming from highest income group of families was 12.6 and 4.8% of them were the patients of hypertensive heart problem. For them the chance of facing the problem of hypertensive heart disease was 3.48 times as it was in others [ R.R.=3.48, C.I.{ 1.329,9.110}]. Though there was no increasing trend in the rate of prevalence of hypertensive heart disease with the increase in level of family income , yet level of family income was significantly associated with prevalence of this health hazard [X2=10.241, p-value=0.014]. However, family expenditure was not statistically associated with the prevalence of this health problem [X2=7.161, p –value= 0.067]. But adults belonged to families spending highest amount of money as family expenditure was worst sufferers (4.5%) from the problem. In this group there were 13.5
It was seen that some of the socioeconomic variables were significantly associated with prevalence of hypertensive heart disease and particular level of a variable was the risk factor for this health problem. But no variable was identified as the most responsible one for the prevalence of this health hazard. The responsible variable was identified in discriminating the hypertensive heart problem patients from other group. For discrimination the variables included were residence, religion, gender, marital status, age, education, occupation, family income and expenditure, body mass index, smoking habit, consumption of process food, physical labour, utilization of time, prevalence of diabetes and duration of diabetes. Out of these variables age, family income and family expenditure, body mass index, smoking habit, consumption of process food, and utilization of time and duration of diabetes were significantly different for two groups of adults. The most responsible variable in discriminating the groups was body mass index followed by duration of diabetes, smoking habit, family income, age, utilization of time, etc. The results were shown in Table 3. The two groups of adults were significantly discriminated [X2= 0.944,X2=56.937, p-value=0.000].
Hypertension is the most common modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and often prevails with other major health hazard [39]. The risk of hypertension and heart disease are strongly associated with obesity [40]. Impact of longer duration of hypertension and chronic blood pressure leads to heart failure [7, 39]. Other risk factors of hypertensive heart disease are older age, consumption of high sodium and fatty food, occupation without physical labour, sedentary activity, longer duration of diabetes, family history of heart disease, non-adherence to control high blood pressure and antihypertensive treatment [8, 11, 27 – 32, 41-42].
Most of the risk factors for hypertensive heart disease are socioeconomic and socio-demographic except clinical aspects. In this paper, an attempt was made to identify some of the responsible factors in discriminating 18 hypertensive heart patients from the remaining 977 respondents. Out of total 995 investigated respondents 46.4% were from urban areas, 14.8% were non-Muslims, 50.1% were males. For these three groups of adults the risks of hypertensive heart disease were 80%, 65% and 57%, respectively more than those of others. But these 3 demographic characteristics were not important in discriminating the hypertensive heart patients from other group. Another demographic characteristic was marital status but the risk of the diseases were almost similar for single and married adults. There were only 8% elderly people and 57.5% higher educated people. For these two groups the risks of the disease were 4.40 and 3.70 times as these were for others. Out of these two variables, age was important in discriminating two groups of adults. The risks of the disease for retired persons, physically inactive persons and persons involved in sedentary activity were 1.43, 2.43 and 3.35 times compared to those of their counter parts. But except sedentary activity the other variables had little influence in discriminating the two groups of adults.
The lifestyle factors are family income and expenditure, smoking habit and habit of taking process food [5]. These 4 variables were significantly different for two groups of adults. The risks of the disease for adults coming from highest income and highest family expenditure groups, process food consumers and smokers were 3.48, 3.21, 2.43 and 5.26, times, respectively than those of others. Out of these 4 characteristics, smoking habit and family income were the third and fourth responsible factors in discriminating the two groups of adults.
Obesity and diabetes are inter-related health problem for many adults. These were noted in many studies in both home and abroad [43-46]. These two health problems are also the sources of hypertensive heart disease [1, 11, 27]. The present study also indicated that obese and diabetic adults were at higher risk of facing the problem of hypertensive heart disease. The chance of prevalence of the problem among obese adults was 18.53 times compared to that of non-obese adults. The variable body mass index was the most responsible one to discriminate the two groups of adults. Longer duration of diabetes was another risk factor for this health problem. Those who were suffering for 15 years and above their risk of this health hazard was more than six times compared to the risk of others. Duration of diabetes was the second most responsible variable for discrimination.
The objective of the present study was to identify some responsible socioeconomic variables for hypertensive heart disease among Bangladeshi adults of 18 years and above. For the purpose, data were collected from 995 respondents of both urban and rural localities. The information presented here were the analytical results of the collected data from the investigated respondents. To identify the responsible variables discriminant analysis was performed. Before that, the risk ratio for adults belonged to a particular level of a socioeconomic variable was calculated.
Among the respondents 1.8% were the patients of hypertensive heart disease. These respondents were significantly different from others in respect of the variables body mass index, duration of diabetes, smoking habit, family income, age, utilization of time, etc. Out of these variables, the most responsible one was the body mass index. The second responsible one was duration of diabetes. These variables were identified depending on the absolute values of correlation coefficients of the variable and discriminant function scores. The other variables were presented here according to the decreasing values of correlation coefficient.
The sample obese respondents were 31.4% and for them the risk of the prevalence of the disease was 18.53 times compared to the risk of non-obese adults. Around seven per cent (7.1%) adults were suffering from diabetes for 15 years and above. For them the risk of prevalence was 6.01 times as it was in others. Smoker respondents were 31.4%, their risk of prevalence was 5.26 times as it was in non-smokers. The percentage of adults of highest income group of families was 12.6. Their risk of prevalence was 3.34 times compared to the risk of other adults. There were 8% elderly people, for them the risk was 4.40 times as it was for adults of ages below 60 years. Those who were involved in sedentary activity (44.4%) their risk of facing the problem of hypertensive heart disease was 3.25 times compared to the risk of others.
The risks of prevalence were also more for urban people, non-Muslim adults, males, married people, higher educated people, retired persons, process food consumers, and physically inactive adults. Out of these variables, only process food consumption and prevalence of hypertensive heart disease were significantly associated.
Due to upward movement towards economy and social status lifestyle has been changing. As a result, obesity, diabetes, hypertension and impacts of these cannot be avoided. One of the major impact is heart disease. Thus there is every possibility of increasing trend of hypertensive heart disease unless precaution is not adopted to control obesity, diabetes and hypertension. As a precautionary measure the following steps can be taken:
Rural and urban health workers can suggest the people to follow the above steps.
Clearly Auctoresonline and particularly Psychology and Mental Health Care Journal is dedicated to improving health care services for individuals and populations. The editorial boards' ability to efficiently recognize and share the global importance of health literacy with a variety of stakeholders. Auctoresonline publishing platform can be used to facilitate of optimal client-based services and should be added to health care professionals' repertoire of evidence-based health care resources.
Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Intervention The submission and review process was adequate. However I think that the publication total value should have been enlightened in early fases. Thank you for all.
Journal of Women Health Care and Issues By the present mail, I want to say thank to you and tour colleagues for facilitating my published article. Specially thank you for the peer review process, support from the editorial office. I appreciate positively the quality of your journal.
Journal of Clinical Research and Reports I would be very delighted to submit my testimonial regarding the reviewer board and the editorial office. The reviewer board were accurate and helpful regarding any modifications for my manuscript. And the editorial office were very helpful and supportive in contacting and monitoring with any update and offering help. It was my pleasure to contribute with your promising Journal and I am looking forward for more collaboration.
We would like to thank the Journal of Thoracic Disease and Cardiothoracic Surgery because of the services they provided us for our articles. The peer-review process was done in a very excellent time manner, and the opinions of the reviewers helped us to improve our manuscript further. The editorial office had an outstanding correspondence with us and guided us in many ways. During a hard time of the pandemic that is affecting every one of us tremendously, the editorial office helped us make everything easier for publishing scientific work. Hope for a more scientific relationship with your Journal.
The peer-review process which consisted high quality queries on the paper. I did answer six reviewers’ questions and comments before the paper was accepted. The support from the editorial office is excellent.
Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. I had the experience of publishing a research article recently. The whole process was simple from submission to publication. The reviewers made specific and valuable recommendations and corrections that improved the quality of my publication. I strongly recommend this Journal.
Dr. Katarzyna Byczkowska My testimonial covering: "The peer review process is quick and effective. The support from the editorial office is very professional and friendly. Quality of the Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on cardiology that is useful for other professionals in the field.
Thank you most sincerely, with regard to the support you have given in relation to the reviewing process and the processing of my article entitled "Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of The Prostate Gland: A Review and Update" for publication in your esteemed Journal, Journal of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics". The editorial team has been very supportive.
Testimony of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology: work with your Reviews has been a educational and constructive experience. The editorial office were very helpful and supportive. It was a pleasure to contribute to your Journal.
Dr. Bernard Terkimbi Utoo, I am happy to publish my scientific work in Journal of Women Health Care and Issues (JWHCI). The manuscript submission was seamless and peer review process was top notch. I was amazed that 4 reviewers worked on the manuscript which made it a highly technical, standard and excellent quality paper. I appreciate the format and consideration for the APC as well as the speed of publication. It is my pleasure to continue with this scientific relationship with the esteem JWHCI.
This is an acknowledgment for peer reviewers, editorial board of Journal of Clinical Research and Reports. They show a lot of consideration for us as publishers for our research article “Evaluation of the different factors associated with side effects of COVID-19 vaccination on medical students, Mutah university, Al-Karak, Jordan”, in a very professional and easy way. This journal is one of outstanding medical journal.
Dear Hao Jiang, to Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing We greatly appreciate the efficient, professional and rapid processing of our paper by your team. If there is anything else we should do, please do not hesitate to let us know. On behalf of my co-authors, we would like to express our great appreciation to editor and reviewers.
As an author who has recently published in the journal "Brain and Neurological Disorders". I am delighted to provide a testimonial on the peer review process, editorial office support, and the overall quality of the journal. The peer review process at Brain and Neurological Disorders is rigorous and meticulous, ensuring that only high-quality, evidence-based research is published. The reviewers are experts in their fields, and their comments and suggestions were constructive and helped improve the quality of my manuscript. The review process was timely and efficient, with clear communication from the editorial office at each stage. The support from the editorial office was exceptional throughout the entire process. The editorial staff was responsive, professional, and always willing to help. They provided valuable guidance on formatting, structure, and ethical considerations, making the submission process seamless. Moreover, they kept me informed about the status of my manuscript and provided timely updates, which made the process less stressful. The journal Brain and Neurological Disorders is of the highest quality, with a strong focus on publishing cutting-edge research in the field of neurology. The articles published in this journal are well-researched, rigorously peer-reviewed, and written by experts in the field. The journal maintains high standards, ensuring that readers are provided with the most up-to-date and reliable information on brain and neurological disorders. In conclusion, I had a wonderful experience publishing in Brain and Neurological Disorders. The peer review process was thorough, the editorial office provided exceptional support, and the journal's quality is second to none. I would highly recommend this journal to any researcher working in the field of neurology and brain disorders.
Dear Agrippa Hilda, Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery, Editorial Coordinator, I trust this message finds you well. I want to extend my appreciation for considering my article for publication in your esteemed journal. I am pleased to provide a testimonial regarding the peer review process and the support received from your editorial office. The peer review process for my paper was carried out in a highly professional and thorough manner. The feedback and comments provided by the authors were constructive and very useful in improving the quality of the manuscript. This rigorous assessment process undoubtedly contributes to the high standards maintained by your journal.
International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. I strongly recommend to consider submitting your work to this high-quality journal. The support and availability of the Editorial staff is outstanding and the review process was both efficient and rigorous.
Thank you very much for publishing my Research Article titled “Comparing Treatment Outcome Of Allergic Rhinitis Patients After Using Fluticasone Nasal Spray And Nasal Douching" in the Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology. As Medical Professionals we are immensely benefited from study of various informative Articles and Papers published in this high quality Journal. I look forward to enriching my knowledge by regular study of the Journal and contribute my future work in the field of ENT through the Journal for use by the medical fraternity. The support from the Editorial office was excellent and very prompt. I also welcome the comments received from the readers of my Research Article.
Dear Erica Kelsey, Editorial Coordinator of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics Our team is very satisfied with the processing of our paper by your journal. That was fast, efficient, rigorous, but without unnecessary complications. We appreciated the very short time between the submission of the paper and its publication on line on your site.
I am very glad to say that the peer review process is very successful and fast and support from the Editorial Office. Therefore, I would like to continue our scientific relationship for a long time. And I especially thank you for your kindly attention towards my article. Have a good day!
"We recently published an article entitled “Influence of beta-Cyclodextrins upon the Degradation of Carbofuran Derivatives under Alkaline Conditions" in the Journal of “Pesticides and Biofertilizers” to show that the cyclodextrins protect the carbamates increasing their half-life time in the presence of basic conditions This will be very helpful to understand carbofuran behaviour in the analytical, agro-environmental and food areas. We greatly appreciated the interaction with the editor and the editorial team; we were particularly well accompanied during the course of the revision process, since all various steps towards publication were short and without delay".
I would like to express my gratitude towards you process of article review and submission. I found this to be very fair and expedient. Your follow up has been excellent. I have many publications in national and international journal and your process has been one of the best so far. Keep up the great work.
We are grateful for this opportunity to provide a glowing recommendation to the Journal of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy. We found that the editorial team were very supportive, helpful, kept us abreast of timelines and over all very professional in nature. The peer review process was rigorous, efficient and constructive that really enhanced our article submission. The experience with this journal remains one of our best ever and we look forward to providing future submissions in the near future.
I am very pleased to serve as EBM of the journal, I hope many years of my experience in stem cells can help the journal from one way or another. As we know, stem cells hold great potential for regenerative medicine, which are mostly used to promote the repair response of diseased, dysfunctional or injured tissue using stem cells or their derivatives. I think Stem Cell Research and Therapeutics International is a great platform to publish and share the understanding towards the biology and translational or clinical application of stem cells.
I would like to give my testimony in the support I have got by the peer review process and to support the editorial office where they were of asset to support young author like me to be encouraged to publish their work in your respected journal and globalize and share knowledge across the globe. I really give my great gratitude to your journal and the peer review including the editorial office.
I am delighted to publish our manuscript entitled "A Perspective on Cocaine Induced Stroke - Its Mechanisms and Management" in the Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. The peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal are excellent. The manuscripts published are of high quality and of excellent scientific value. I recommend this journal very much to colleagues.
Dr.Tania Muñoz, My experience as researcher and author of a review article in The Journal Clinical Cardiology and Interventions has been very enriching and stimulating. The editorial team is excellent, performs its work with absolute responsibility and delivery. They are proactive, dynamic and receptive to all proposals. Supporting at all times the vast universe of authors who choose them as an option for publication. The team of review specialists, members of the editorial board, are brilliant professionals, with remarkable performance in medical research and scientific methodology. Together they form a frontline team that consolidates the JCCI as a magnificent option for the publication and review of high-level medical articles and broad collective interest. I am honored to be able to share my review article and open to receive all your comments.
“The peer review process of JPMHC is quick and effective. Authors are benefited by good and professional reviewers with huge experience in the field of psychology and mental health. The support from the editorial office is very professional. People to contact to are friendly and happy to help and assist any query authors might have. Quality of the Journal is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on mental health that is useful for other professionals in the field”.
Dear editorial department: On behalf of our team, I hereby certify the reliability and superiority of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews in the peer review process, editorial support, and journal quality. Firstly, the peer review process of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is rigorous, fair, transparent, fast, and of high quality. The editorial department invites experts from relevant fields as anonymous reviewers to review all submitted manuscripts. These experts have rich academic backgrounds and experience, and can accurately evaluate the academic quality, originality, and suitability of manuscripts. The editorial department is committed to ensuring the rigor of the peer review process, while also making every effort to ensure a fast review cycle to meet the needs of authors and the academic community. Secondly, the editorial team of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is composed of a group of senior scholars and professionals with rich experience and professional knowledge in related fields. The editorial department is committed to assisting authors in improving their manuscripts, ensuring their academic accuracy, clarity, and completeness. Editors actively collaborate with authors, providing useful suggestions and feedback to promote the improvement and development of the manuscript. We believe that the support of the editorial department is one of the key factors in ensuring the quality of the journal. Finally, the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is renowned for its high- quality articles and strict academic standards. The editorial department is committed to publishing innovative and academically valuable research results to promote the development and progress of related fields. The International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is reasonably priced and ensures excellent service and quality ratio, allowing authors to obtain high-level academic publishing opportunities in an affordable manner. I hereby solemnly declare that the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews has a high level of credibility and superiority in terms of peer review process, editorial support, reasonable fees, and journal quality. Sincerely, Rui Tao.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions I testity the covering of the peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal.
