info@auctorespublishing.com
+1-(302)-520-2644
+1-(302)-520-2644

Abattoir And Bovine Tuberculosis as A Reemerging Foodborne Disease

  1. Home
  2. Journals
  3. Clinical Medical Reviews and Reports
  4. Archives
Submit Guidelines

Review Article | DOI: https://doi.org/DOI: 10.31579/2690-8794/189

Abattoir And Bovine Tuberculosis as A Reemerging Foodborne Disease

  • Fahim A Shaltout

Food Control Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha university, Egypt

*Corresponding Author: Fahim A Shaltout, Food Control Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha university, Egypt.

Citation: Fahim A Shaltout, (2024), Abattoir and Bovine Tuberculosis as a reemerging foodborne disease, Clinical Medical Reviews and Reports; 6(1): DOI: 10.31579/2690-8794/189

Copyright: © 2024, Fahim A Shaltout. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Received: 17 December 2023 | Accepted: 01 January 2024 | Published: 19 January 2024

Keywords: abattoir; cattle; mycobacterium tuberculosis; reemerging; foodborne disease

Abstract

Abattoir is the place in which the animals are slaughtered for human consumption. Abattoir plays important role in prevention of zoonotic diseases between animals and humans like Mycobacterium tuberculosis as reemerging foodborne disease and also prevent infectious diseases betwwen animals. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is caused by a species of pathogenic bacteria in the family Mycobacteriaceae . the causative agent bacteria of Bovine tuberculosis as reemerging foodborne disease tuberculosis bacteria have an unusual, waxy coating on its cell surface primarily due to the presence of mycolic acid. This coating makes the cells impervious to Gram staining, and as a result, the causative agent bacteria of Bovine tuberculosis as reemerging foodborne disease can appear weakly Gram-positive. Acid-fast stains such as Ziehl–Neelsen stain, or fluorescent stains such as auramine are used instead to identify the causative agent of Bovine tuberculosis as reemerging foodborne disease with a microscope. The causative agent bacteria of Bovine tuberculosis as reemerging foodborne disease are highly aerobic and requires high levels of oxygen. Primarily a pathogen of the mammalian respiratory system, it infects the lungs. The most frequently used diagnostic methods for Bovine tuberculosis as reemerging foodborne disease  are the tuberculin skin examination , acid-fast stain, culture, and polymerase chain reaction.

Introduction

Bovine tuberculosis as reemerging foodborne disease is still one of the largely neglected foodborne zoonotic diseases in the world, particularly in developing countries (1,2,3 and 4). Bovine tuberculosis as reemerging foodborne disease occurrence would be still important in many places. Thus, this zoonosis deserves further research and efforts to establish the real burden of disease in cattle, role of abattoirs as well in humans. Developing strategies of interaction between academia and health care public sectors, including medical and veterinary disciplines, would generate more accurate data (5,5,7 and 8). Even more, as human tuberculosis due to Bovine tuberculosis as reemerging foodborne disease is still a public health concern internationally, in developing countries where detection is usually not  depend on molecular and specific diagnostic methods, in addition to microscopy investigation for acid-fast bacilli bacteria in biological samples as well as culture, Bovine tuberculosis bacteria would be causing many of M. tuberculosis-attributed human disease, particularly in the case of outside lung forms of disease, even more in rural areas where both diseases can overlap and where human–cattle contact as consumption of raw milk and dairy products contaminated with Bovine tuberculosis bacteria would be considerable(9,10 and 11) . Control programs and human  tuberculosis control programs, especially in those places, should consider the importance of Bovine tuberculosis and begin to introduce operational research into their activities as well surveillance to control and prevent disease from this bacteria (12,13,14 and 15).

Methods of identification and Diagnosis of Bovine Tuberculosis as a reemerging foodborne disease (16,17, 19,20 and 21)

Bovine Tuberculosis clinical signs are not specifically distinctive and, therefore, do not enable veterinarians to make a definitive diagnosis based on clinical signs alone.

The tuberculin skin examination is the standard mean of Tuberculosis diagnosis in live cattle. It consists of injecting bovine tuberculin (a purified protein extract originated from M. bovis) intra-dermally and then measuring skin thickness at the site of injection 72 hours later to detect any subsequent swelling at the injection site.

Blood-based in vitro examinations that detect bacteria, antibodies, or cell-mediated immunity are also currently available, or under development. The most common used blood-based examination is a gamma interferon release assay which detects a cell-mediated immune response to infection with M. bovis. This examination is based on the principle that bovine blood cells that have previously been exposed to M. bovis through an infection are known to produce elevated levels of gamma interferon following in vitro incubation with M. bovis antigens.

The definitive diagnosis means is confirmed by bacterial culture and identification in the laboratory, a process that can take eight weeks or more. The recommended examination methods, including the procedures for manufacturing and administering bovine tuberculin.

Nature of Bovine tuberculosis as reemerging foodborne disease. Bovine tuberculosis as reemerging foodborne disease is a chronic bacterial disease of cattle caused by members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex primarily by Bovine tuberculosis, but also by M. caprae and to a lesser extent M. tuberculosis (22,23,24,25 and 26).  It is a major infectious disease among cattle, and also affects other domesticated cattle and certain wildlife populations, causing a general state of illness, pneumonia, weight loss, and eventual death (27,28,29,30 and 31). The name Bovine tuberculosis as a reemerging foodborne disease comes from the nodules, called ‘tubercles’, which form in the lymph nodes and other affected tissues of affected cattle (32,33,34 and 35).

Cattle are considered to be the major reservoir Bovine tuberculosis as a reemerging foodborne disease, and are the main source of infection for humans. Nevertheless, the disease has been reported in many other domesticated and non-domesticated animals (36,37,38 and 39).

Geographical distribution of Bovine tuberculosis as reemerging foodborne disease. Bovine tuberculosis as reemerging foodborne disease is found throughout the world (40,41,42 and 43), but some countries have never detected tuberculosis, and many developed countries have reduced or eliminated bovine tuberculosis from their cattle population and kept the disease limited to certain areas (44,45,46,47 and 48). However, significant zones of infection remain in wildlife. The highest prevalence of bovine tuberculosis is in Africa and parts of Asia, the disease is also affecting countries in Europe and the Americas (49,50,51,52,53,54,55, and 56).

The most prominent Clinical signs of Bovine tuberculosis as a reemerging foodborne disease in cattle, Bovine tuberculosis as reemerging foodborne disease may be sub-acute or chronic, with a variable rate of progression (57,58,59,60,61 and 62). A small number of cattle may become severely affected within a few months of infection, while others may take several years to develop symptoms. Bovine tuberculosis bacteria can also lie dormant in the host without causing symptoms for a long time (63,64,65,66,67, and 68). The usual symptoms of Bovine tuberculosis as a reemerging foodborne disease in man include Weakness, loss of appetite and weight, fluctuating fever, dyspnoea and cough, signs of low-grade pneumonia, diarrhea, enlarged, enlargement lymph nodes (69,70,71 and 72).

Discussion:

Mycobacterium bovis has been isolated from domestic animals as cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats, equines, camels, deer, antelopes, dogs, cats, and animals (73, 74, 75 and 76).

Bovine tuberculosis as reemerging foodborne disease is an infectious disease (77,78,79,80,81,82,83 and 84).

Most cases of human tuberculosis are caused by the bacterial species, Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Bovine tuberculosis as reemerging foodborne disease is a form of tuberculosis in human predominantly caused by a closely related species, Bovine tuberculosis, which belongs to the M. tuberculosis complex (85,86,87,88 and 89). 

Transmission and spread of Bovine tuberculosis as reemerging foodborne disease. The disease is contagious and can be transmitted directly by contact with infected domestic and non-domesticated animals or indirectly by oral route (90,91,92,93 and 94).

The usual route of infection within cattle herds is by inhalation of infected aerosol, which are expelled from the lungs. Calves can be infected by ingesting colostrum or milk from infected cows (95,96,97,98,99,100 and 101).Humans can become infected by ingesting raw milk from infected cows, or through contact with infected tissues at abattoirs or butcheries (102 and 103). The course of disease is slow and takes months or years to reach the fatal stage. An infected animal can shed the bacteria within the herd before the clinical signs. Movement of subclinical infected domestic cattle is a main route of spreading the disease (104, 105 and 106).

Detection of Bovine tuberculosis as reemerging foodborne disease, Bovine tuberculosis as reemerging foodborne disease  clinical signs are not specifically distinctive and, therefore, do not enable veterinarians to make a definitive Detection based on clinical signs alone(107 and 108).

The tuberculin skin examination is the standard method for tuberculosis Detection in live domestic cattle (109, 110,111 and 112).

Blood-based in vitro examinations that detect bacteria, antibodies, or cell-mediated immunity are also currently available, or under development (113,114,115,116,117,118 and119). The most widely used blood-based examination is a gamma interferon release assay which detects a cell-mediated immune response to infection with Bovine tuberculosis (1 and 120. This examination is based on the principle that bovine blood cells that have previously been exposed to Bovine tuberculosis through an infection are known to produce elevated levels of gamma interferon following in vitro incubation with Bovine tuberculosis antigens (2 and 3) .

The definitive Detection is confirmed by bacterial culture and identification in the laboratory (77 and 78).

The recommended detection methods of Bovine tuberculosis as reemerging foodborne disease, including the procedures for manufacturing and administering bovine tuberculin (84 and 85).

Public health risk of Bovine tuberculosis as reemerging foodborne disease. The most common form of tuberculosis in man is caused by M. tuberculosis bacteria (89 and 90). However, it is not possible to clinically differentiate infections caused by M. tuberculosis bacteria from those caused by Bovine tuberculosis, which is estimated to account for up to 10% of human tuberculosis cases in some countries (77 and 93). Detection of Bovine tuberculosis as reemerging foodborne disease may be further complicated by the tendency of Bovine tuberculosis infections to be located in tissues other than the lungs and the fact that Bovine tuberculosis bacteria  is naturally resistant to one of the antimicrobials that is commonly used to treat human tuberculosis(23 and 24).

The technical standards and recommendations that are intended to manage the human and animal health risks associated with infection of cattle with a member of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, including Bovine tuberculosis (29 and 30).

Role of abattoir in eradication of Bovine tuberculosis as a reemerging foodborne disease. Human tuberculosis is a major cause of illness and mortality worldwide (117,118 and119). It is primarily caused by Bovine tuberculosis as reemerging foodborne disease and is usually transmitted through the respiratory route by close contact and inhalation of aerosols of infected persons (35, and 36). Bovine tuberculosis as a reemerging foodborne disease is a less common form of human tuberculosis that is caused by a related member of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (Bovine tuberculosis) (41, and 42). Bovine tuberculosis as a reemerging foodborne disease is primarily transmitted indirectly, through the consumption of contaminated milk, dairy products, or meat containing infected material (116,115 and114). In regions where food hygiene is consistently applied, the risk to the general public has been reduced (113,112 and111); however Bovine tuberculosis as a reemerging foodborne disease infection remains an occupational hazard to food of animal origin eaters workers, abattoir workers, and butchers (43,44,45,46,47 and 48). Bovine tuberculosis as a reemerging foodborne disease is depend up on a One Health approach recognizing the interdependence of human and animal health sectors for addressing the main health and economic effects of this disease (110,109,108,107,49,50,51,52,53 and 54). Effective action from government agencies, donors, academia, non-governmental units and private stakeholders through different methods as political, financial and investigation methods (56,57,58,59 and 60). Defining the priorities for control Bovine tuberculosis as a reemerging foodborne disease in man and bovine tuberculosis in cattle (66,67 and 68). By Improving the scientific evidence base, reduce transmission between cattle and humans, Supporting the cooperation between sectors, Prevention and control of Bovine tuberculosis as reemerging foodborne disease (100,101,102 and103). The National control and eradication system based on examination and slaughter of infected cattle at abattoir under hygienic precautions is successfully used to control and eradicate Bovine tuberculosis as a reemerging foodborne disease (74 and 75). This method remains inapplicable in some heavily infected countries because it could necessitate slaughtering large numbers of cattle, and this may not be suitable, due to human resources are limited (16,17 and 18). So, most of countries apply varying forms of examination and segregation in early state, and then switch to examine-and-slaughter methods in the final stage (78,79 and 80). Several disease eradication system have been very successful in control or eradicate the Bovine tuberculosis as reemerging foodborne disease in cattle, by employing a multi-faceted approach that includes, post mortem meat inspection at abattoir, for detection of infected cattle and herds for Bovine tuberculosis as reemerging foodborne disease , intensive surveillance including on-farm visits, systematic individual examination of cattle, removal of infected and in-contact cattle, adequate local legislation, effective movement controls, individual animal identification, and effective traceability (16,17,18 and 19).Detecting infected cattle in abattoirs prevents unsafe meat from entering the food chain and allows Veterinary Services to trace-back to the herd of origin of the infected animal which can then be examined and eliminated if needed (9,8,7,6 and 5).

Pasteurisation or heat treatment of cow's milk to a temperature sufficient to kill the bacteria has proven effective for preventing the spread of disease to humans (24,25,26 and 27). 

Antimicrobial treatment of infected cattle is rarely attempted because of the doses and duration of treatment that would be required, high cost of medications, and interference with the primary goal of eliminating the disease, and potential risk of developing resistance (28,29,30,31,32,33 and 34).

Conclusion:

Vaccination is practiced in human medicine, but it is, so far, not used as a preventive measure in cattle, due to the lack of availability of safe and effective method of vaccination, and potential interference with bovine tuberculosis surveillance and examinations, due to false reactions in vaccinated cattle. Researchers and studies are actively investigating potential new or improved bovine tuberculosis kinds of vaccines and alternate routes of vaccine delivery for use in cattle and wildlife reservoirs, as well as new examinations to reliably differentiate vaccinated cattle from infected cattle.

References

  1. Abdel-Moein K.A., Hamed O., Fouad H. (2016). Molecular detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in cattle and buffaloes: A cause for public health concern. Trop. Anim. Health Prod; 48:1541–1545.
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  2. Shaltout, F.A., Riad,E.M ., and AbouElhassan, Asmaa , A(2017): prevalence Of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis In Imported cattle Offals And Its lymph Nodes. Veterinary Medical Journal -Giza (VMJG), 63(2): 115 – 122.
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  3. (2023). Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals, twelfth edition.
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  4. Shaltout, F.A., Riad,E.M ., and Asmaa Abou-Elhassan (2017): Prevalence Of Mycobacterium Spp . In Cattle Meat and Offal's Slaughtered in And Out Abattoir. Egyptian Veterinary medical Association,77(2): 407 – 420.
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  5. (2017). Roadmap for zoonotic tuberculosis © World Health Organization (WHO), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE).
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  6. Abd Elaziz, O., Fatin S. Hassanin, Fahim A. Shaltout and Othman A. Mohamed, et al. (2021). Prevalence of Some Foodborne Parasitic Affection in Slaughtered Animals in Loacal Egyptian Abottoir. Journal of Nutrition Food Science and Technology 2(3): 1-5.
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  7. (1898). Smith T. A comparative study of bovine tubercle bacilli and of human bacilli from sputum. J. Exp. Med.3:451–511.
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  8. Abd Elaziz, O., Fatin, S Hassanin, Fahim, A Shaltout, Othman, A Mohamed, et al. (2021). Prevalence of some zoonotic parasitic affections in sheep carcasses in a local abattoir in Cairo, Egypt. Advances in Nutrition & Food Science 6(2): 6(2): 25-31.
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  9. Borham M., Oreiby A., El-Gedawy A., Hegazy Y., Al-Gaabary M. et al. (2021). Tuberculin test errors and its effect on detection of bovine tuberculosis. J. Hell. Vet. Med. 72:3263–3270.
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  10. Al Shorman, A.A.M.; Shaltout, F.A. and hilat,N (1999). Detection of certain hormone residues in meat marketed in Jordan. Jordan University of Science and Technology, 1st International Conference on Sheep and goat Diseases and Productivity; 23-25.
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  11. Alvarez A.H., Estrada-Chávez C., Flores-Valdez M.A.  (2009). Molecular findings and approaches spotlighting Mycobacterium bovis persistence in cattle. Vet. Res.40:22.
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  12. Edris, A.M., Shaltout, F.A., Salem, G.H. and El-Toukhy, E.I. et al. (2011). Plasmid profile analysis of Salmonellae isolated from some meat products. Benha University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Fourth Scientific Conference 25-27th May 2011Veterinary Medicine and Food Safety )194-201 benha, Egypt.
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  13. Krajewska-Wędzina M., Didkowska A., Sridhara A.A., Elahi R., Johnathan-Lee A., et al. (2020). Transboundary tuberculosis: Importation of alpacas infected with Mycobacterium bovis from the United Kingdom to Poland and potential for serodiagnostic assays in detecting tuberculin skin test false-negative animals. Transbound. Emerg. Dis.67:1306–1314.
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  14. Hassanien, F.S., Shaltout, F.A., Fahmey, M.Z. and Elsukkary, H.F.(2020): Bacteriological quality guides in local and imported beef and their relation to public health. Benha Veterinary Medical Journal 39: 125-129
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  15. Egbe N.F., Muwonge A., Ndip L., Kelly R.F., Sander M., et al. (2017). Molecular epidemiology of Mycobacterium bovis in Cameroon. Sci. Rep.7:4652.
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  16. Hassanin, F. S, Shaltout, F.A., Lamada, H.M., Abd Allah, E.M. (2011). the effect of preservative (nisin) on the survival of listeria monocytogenes. Benha veterinary medical journal (2011)-special issue [i]: 141-145.
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  17. Ameni G., Tadesse K., Hailu E., Deresse Y., Medhin G., Berg S., et al. (2014). Transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis between farmers and cattle in central Ethiopia. Plos One. 8: e76891.
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  18. Khattab, E.,Fahim Shaltout and Islam Sabik (2021): Hepatitis A virus related to foods. Benha Veterinary Medical Journal 40(1): 174-179.
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  19. Abdellrazeq G.S., Elnaggar M.M., Osman H.S., Davis W.C., Singh M.  (2016). Prevalence of Bovine Tuberculosis in Egyptian Cattle and the Standardization of the Interferon-gamma Assay as an Ancillary Test. Transbound. Emerg. Dis.63:497–507.
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  20. Saif,M ., Saad S.M., Hassanin, F. S, Shaltout FA, et al.(2019). Molecular detection of enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus in ready-to-eat beef products. Benha Veterinary Medical Journal, 37:7-11.
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  21. Charles O.T., James H.S., Michael J.G. (2006). Book. Mycobacterium bovis Infection in Animals and Humans. 2nd ed. Blackwell Publishing; Hoboken, NJ, USA.
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  22. Shaltout, F.A., Mona N. Hussein, Nada Kh. Elsayed (2023). Histological Detection of Unauthorized Herbal and Animal Contents in Some Meat Products. Journal of Advanced Veterinary Research 13(2): 157-160.
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  23. Klepp L.I., Eirin M.E., Garbaccio S., Soria M., et al.  (2019). Identification of bovine tuberculosis biomarkers to detect tuberculin skin test and IFNγ release assay false negative cattle. Res. Vet. Sci. 122:7–14.
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  24. Shaltout, F.A., Abdelazez Ahmed Helmy Barr and Mohamed Elsayed Abdelaziz (2022). Pathogenic Microorganisms in Meat Products. Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research 41(4): 32836-32843.
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  25. Helmy N.M., Abdel-Moghney A.R.F., Atia M.A. (2015). Evaluation of Different PCR-Based Techniques in Diagnosis of Bovine Tuberculosis in Infected Cattle Lymph Nodes. Am. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol; 2:75–81. 
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  26. Shaltout, F.A., e.m. El-diasty and m. A. Asmaa- hassan (2020), hygienic quality of ready to eat cooked meat in restaurants at Cairo. Journal of Global Biosciences. 8(12): 6627-6641.
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  27. Domingo M., Vidal E., Marco A. (2014). Pathology of bovine tuberculosis. Res. Vet. Sci.97: S20–S29.
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  28. Shaltout, F.A. (2019): Food Hygiene and Control. Food Science and Nutrition Technology 4(5): 1-2
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  29. Orłowska B., Krajewska-Wędzina M., Augustynowicz-Kopeć E., Kozińska M., Brzezińska S., et al. (2020). Epidemiological characterization of Mycobacterium caprae strains isolated from wildlife in the Bieszczady Mountains, on the border of Southeast Poland. BMC Vet. Res; 16:362.
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  30. Gaafar, R., Hassanin, F. S, Shaltout, F.A., Marionette Zaghloul, (2019). Hygienic profile of some ready to eat meat product sandwiches sold in Benha city, Qalubiya Governorate, Egypt. Benha Veterinary Medical Journal; 37 (2):16-21
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  31. Radostits O.M., Gay C.C., Blood D.C., Hinchliff K.W. (2007). Veterinary Medicine. A Textbook of the Diseases of Cattle, Sheep, Goats and Horses. 8th ed. Ballier Tindals; London, UK; pp. 830–838.
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  32. Saad S.M., Shaltout, F.A., Nahla A Abou Elroos, Saber B El-nahas (2019): Antimicrobial Effect of Some Essential Oils on Some Pathogenic Bacteria in Minced Meat. J. Food Sci Nutr Res; 2(1): 012-020.
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  33. Osman M.M., Shanahan J.K., Chu F., Takaki K.K., Pinckert M.L., Pagán A.J., et al. (2022). The C terminus of the mycobacterium ESX-1 secretion system substrate ESAT-6 is required for phagosomal membrane damage and virulence. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA.119: e2122161119.
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  34. Saad S.M., Shaltout, F.A., Nahla A Abou Elroos2 and Saber B El-nahas (2019): Incidence of Staphylococci and E. coli in Meat and Some Meat Products. EC Nutrition; 14.6.
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  35. Miller M.A., Kerr T.J., de Waal C.R., Goosen W.J., Streicher E.M., et al. (2021). Mycobacterium bovis Infection in Free-Ranging African Elephants. Emerg. Infect. Dis; 27:990.
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  36. Saad S.M., Hassanin, F. S., Shaltout, F.A., Marionette Z Nassif, Marwa Z Seif. (2019). Prevalence of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus in Some Ready-to-Eat Meat Products. American Journal of Biomedical Science & Research 4(6):460-464.
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  37. Fielding H.R., McKinley T.J., Delahay R.J., Silk M.J., McDonald R.A. et al. (2021). Characterization of potential superspreader farms for bovine tuberculosis: A review. Vet. Med. Sci. 7:310–321.
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  38. Shaltout, F. A., E.M EL-diasty., M. S. M Mohamed (2018): Effects of chitosan on quality attributes fresh meat slices stored at 4 C. Benha Veterinary Medical Journal, 35(2): 157-168.
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  39. Byrne A.W., Graham J., Brown C., Donaghy A., Guelbenzu-Gonzalo M., McNair J., McDowell S.W.et al.  (2018). Modelling the variation in skin-test tuberculin reactions, post-mortem lesion counts and case pathology in tuberculosis-exposed cattle: Effects of animal characteristics, histories and co-infection. Transbound. Emerg. Dis. 65:844–858.
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  40. Shaltout, F.A., Mohamed, A.H. El-Shater., Wafaa Mohamed Abd El-Aziz, (2015). Bacteriological assessment of Street Vended Meat Products sandwiches in kalyobia Governorate. Benha Veterinary Medical Journal, 28(2):58‐66.
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  41. Elsayed M.S.A.E., Amer A. (2019). The rapid detection and differentiation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex members from cattle and water buffaloes in the delta area of Egypt, using a combination of real-time and conventional PCR. Mol. Biol.Rep. 46:3909–3919.
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  42. Shaltout, F.A., Mohamed A El shatter and Heba M Fahim (2019): Studies on Antibiotic Residues in Beef and Effect of Cooking and Freezing on Antibiotic Residues Beef Samples. Scholarly Journal of Food and Nutritionm; 2(1): 1-4.
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  43. Dejene S.W., Heitkönig I.M., Prins H.H., Lemma F.A., Mekonnen D.A., Alemu Z.E., et al.  (2016). Risk factors for bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in cattle in Ethiopia. PLoS ONE. 2016;11: e0159083.
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  44. Shaltout FA, Ahmed A A Maarouf and Mahmoud ES Elkhouly. (2017). Bacteriological Evaluation of Frozen Sausage. Nutrition and Food Toxicology 1.5; 174-185.
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  45. Belinda S.T., Erin L.G. (2018). Rebhun’s Diseases of Dairy Cattle. 3rd ed. Elsevier; Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Miscellaneous Infectious Diseases; pp. 745–746.
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  46. Shaltout, F.A., A.M.Ali and S.M.Rashad (2016): Bacterial Contamination of Fast Foods. Benha Journal of Applied Sciences (BJAS) ;1(2):45-51
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  47. Bezos J., Casal C., Romero B., Schroeder B., Hardegger R., Raeber A.J., Domínguez L. Current ante-mortem techniques for diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis. Res. Vet. Sci. 2014;97: S44–S52.
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  48. Shaltout, F.A., Zakaria. I. M., Jehan Eltanani1, Asmaa. Elm elegy. (2015). Microbiological status of meat and chicken received to university student hostel. benha veterinary medical journal, vol. 29, no. 2:187‐192.
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  49. Abbate J.M., Arfuso F., Iaria C., Arestia G., Lanteri G.  (2020). Prevalence of bovine tuberculosis in slaughtered cattle in Sicily, Southern Italy. Animals; 10:1473.
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  50. Saad, S.M. and Shaltout, F.A. (1998). Mycological Evaluation of camel carcasses at Kalyobia Abattoirs. Vet.Med.J. Giza,46(3):223-229.
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  51. Krajewska M., Załuski M., Zabost A., Orłowska B., Augustynowicz-Kopeć E. et al. (2015). Tuberculosis in antelopes in a zoo in Poland–Problem of Public Health. Pol. J. Microbiol.4:405–407.
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  52. Saad S.M., Shaltout, F.A., Nahla A Abou Elroos, Saber B El-nahas. (2019). Antimicrobial Effect of Some Essential Oils on Some Pathogenic Bacteria in Minced Meat. J. Food Sci Nutr Res. 2 (1): 012-020
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  53. Constable P.D., Hinchcliff K.W., Done S.H., Grünberg W. (2016). Veterinary Medicine-e-Book: A Textbook of the Diseases of Cattle, Horses, Sheep, Pigs and Goats. Elsevier; Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  54. Shaltout FA, Riad EM, TES Ahmed and AbouElhassan A. (2017). Studying the Effect of Gamma Irradiation on Bovine Offal's Infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis Bovine Type. Journal of Food Biotechnology Research 1 (6): 1-5.
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  55. Romha G., Gebru G., Asefa A., Mamo G. (2018). Epidemiology of Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis in animals: Transmission dynamics and control challenges of zoonotic tuberculosis in Ethiopia. Prev. Vet. Med. 158:1–17.
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  56. Shaltout FA, Ahmed A A Maarouf and Mahmoud ES Elkhouly. (2017).Bacteriological Evaluation of Frozen Sausage. Nutrition and Food Toxicology 1.5 :174-185.
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  57. Howell A.K., McCann C.M., Wickstead F., Williams D.J. (2019). Co-infection of cattle with Fasciola hepatica or F. gigantica and Mycobacterium bovis: A systematic review. PLoS ONE.14: e0226300.
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  58. Shaltout FA, Mohamed, A.Hassan and Hassanin, F. S. (2004). Thermal Inactivation of Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia Coli O157:H7 And Its Senstivity to Nisin and Lactic Acid Cultures. 1rst Ann. Confr., FVM., Moshtohor.
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  59. Shaltout FA, Mohammed Farouk; Hosam A.A. Ibrahim and Mostafa E.M. Afifi4. (2017). Incidence of Coliform and Staphylococcus aureus in ready to eat fast foods. Benha Veterinary Medical Journal, 32(1): 13 -17.
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  60. Le Roex N., Koets A.P., Van Helden P.D., Hoal E.G. Gene. (2013). polymorphisms in African buffalo associated with susceptibility to bovine tuberculosis infection. PLoS ONE;8: e64494.
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  61. Shaltout, F.A. (1992). Studies on Mycotoxins in Meat and Meat by Products. M.V.Sc Thesis Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,Moshtohor,Zagazig University Benha branch.
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  62. Vordermeier H.M., Jones G.J., Buddle B.M., Hewinson R.G., (2016). Villarreal-Ramos B. Bovine tuberculosis in cattle: Vaccines, DIVA tests, and host biomarker discovery. Annu. Rev. Anim. Biosci; 4:87–109.
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  63. Shaltout, F.A. (1996). Mycological and Mycotoxicological profile Of Some Meat products. Ph.D.Thesis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Moshtohor, Zagazig University Benha branch.
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  64. Shaltout, F.A. (1998). Proteolytic Psychrotrophes in Some Meat products. Alex. Vet. Med. J.14 (2):97-107.
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  65. Shaltout, F.A. (1999): Anaerobic Bacteria in Vacuum Packed Meat Products. Benha Vet. Med.J.10 (1):1-10
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  66. Hlokwe T.M., Said H., Gcebe N.  (2017). Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in cattle from the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. BMC Vet. Res; 13:299.
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  67. Shaltout, F.A. (2000). Protozoal Foodborne Pathogens in some Meat Products. Assiut Vet. Med. J. ;42 (84):54-59
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  68. Didkowska A., Orłowska B., Krajewska-Wędzina M., Krzysiak M., Bruczyńska M., et al. (2022). Intra-palpebral tuberculin skin test and interferon gamma release assay in diagnosing tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium caprae in European Bison (Bison bonasus) Pathogens; 11:260.
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  69. Shaltout, F.A. (2001): Quality evaluation of sheep carcasses slaughtered at Kalyobia abattoirs. Assiut Veterinary Medical Journal, 46(91):150-159.
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  70. Jaouad B. Ph.D. (1993). Thesis. Iowa State University; Ames, IA, USA: Mycobacterium bovis Infection in Cattle in Morocco: Preparation and Evaluation of Chemical Extracts for Use in Detection of Immune Responses.
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  71. Shaltout, F.A. (2003). Yersinia Enterocolitica in some meat products and fish marketed at Benha city. The Third international conference Mansoura 29-30.
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  72. Kuria J.K. Bacterial Cattle Diseases. IntechOpen; London, UK: (2019). Diseases Caused by Bacteria in Cattle: Tuberculosis.
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  73. Shaltout,F.A. and Abdel Aziz ,A.M.(2004): escherichia coli strains in slaughtered animals and their public health importence. J.Egypt. Vet. Med. Association 64(2):7-21.
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  74. Mittal M., Chakravarti S., Sharma V., Sanjeeth B.S., et al. (2014). Evidence of presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in bovine tissue samples by multiplex PCR: Possible relevance to reverse zoonosis. Transbound. Emerg. Dis; 61:97–104.
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  75. Shaltout,F.A., Amin, R., Marionet , Z., Nassif and Shimaa, Abdel-wahab( 2014): Detection of aflatoxins in some meat products. Benha veterinary medical journal, 27(2) :368-374
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  76. Pollock J.M., Neill S.D. (2002). Mycobacterium bovis infection and tuberculosis in cattle. Vet. J.; 163:115–127.
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  77. Shaltout,F.A. and Afify , Jehan Riad,EM and Abo Elhasan , Asmaa,A.(2012): Improvement of microbiological status of oriental sausage. Journal of Egyptian Veterinary Medical Association 72(2):157-167
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  78. Kassa G.M., Abebe F., Worku Y., Legesse M., et al.  (2012). Tuberculosis in goats and sheep in Afar Pastoral Region of Ethiopia and isolation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from goat. Vet. Med. Int:869146.
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  79. Shaltout,F.A. and Edris, A.M.(1999). Contamination of shawerma with pathogenic yeasts. Assiut Veterinary Medical Journal,40(64):34-39.
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  80. Pascual-Linaza A.V., Gordon A.W., Stringer L.A., Menzies F.D. (2017). Efficiency of slaughterhouse surveillance for the detection of bovine tuberculosis in cattle in Northern Ireland. Epidemiol. Infect; 145:995–1005.
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  81. Shaltout, F.A., Salem, R. Eldiasty, E., and Diab, Fatema. (2016). Mycological evaluation of some ready to eat meat products with special reference to molecular chacterization. Veterinary Medical Journal -Giza; 62(3):9-14
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  82. Broughan J.M., Judge J., Ely E., Delahay R.J., Wilson G., Clifton et al. (2016). review of risk factors for bovine tuberculosis infection in cattle in the UK and Ireland. Epidemiol. Infect.144:2899–2926.
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  83. Shaltout, F. A., Elshater, M. and Wafaa, Abdelaziz, (2015). Bacteriological assessment of street vended meat products sandwiches in Kalyobia Governorate. Benha Vet. Med.J.28 (2):58-66.
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  84. Cvetkovikj I., Mrenoshki S., Krstevski K., Djadjovski I., Angjelovski et al. (2017). Bovine tuberculosis in the Republic of Macedonia: Postmortem, microbiological and molecular study in slaughtered reactor cattle. Maced. Vet. Rev.; 40:43–52.
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  85. Shaltout,F.A. and Ibrahim, H.M.(1997): Quality evaluation of luncheon and Alexandrian sausage. Benha Vet. Med.J.10 (1):1-10.
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  86. Ameni G., Vordermeier M., Firdessa R., Aseffa A., et al.  (2011). Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in grazing cattle in central Ethiopia. Vet. J.; 188:359–361.
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  87. Shaltout,F.A., Amani M. Salem, A. H. Mahmoud, K. A (2013). Bacterial aspect of cooked meat and offal at street vendor’s level. Benha veterinary medical journal, 24(1): 320-328
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  88. Oreiby A.F., Hegazy Y.M., Al-Gaabary M.H., Osman S.A., Marzok M.A., Abushhiwaa M. et al.  (2015). Studies on clinical identification, elisa, bacteriological isolation, PCR and x-ray radiography for diagnosis of ovine caseous lymphadenitis. J. Anim. Vet. Adv; 14:250–253.
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  89. Shaltout,F.A. and Salem, R.M.(2000).Moulds, aflatoxin B1 and Ochratoxin A in Frozen Livers and meat products. Vet. Med. J.Giza 48(3):341-346.
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  90. Murai K., Tizzani P., Awada L., Mur L., Mapitse N.J., (2019). Bovine tuberculosis: Global distribution and implementation status of prevention and control measures according to WAHIS data. OIE Bull.; 1:3.
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  91. Shaltout, F. A.; Salem, R. M; El-diasty, Eman and Fatema, A.H. Diab. (2016). Mycological evaluation of some ready to eat meat products with special reference to molecular characterization. Veterinary Medical Journal – Giza, 62(3): 9-14.
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  92. Brahma D., Narang D., Chandra M., et al.  (2019). Diagnosis of Bovine Tuberculosis by Comparative Intradermal Tuberculin Test, Interferon Gamma Assay and esxB (CFP-10) PCR in Blood and Lymph Node Aspirates. Open J. Vet. Med; 9:55–65.
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  93. Shaltout FA, Reham A. Amin, Marionette Z. Nassif2, Shimaa A. Abd-Elwahab(2014): Detection of aflatoxins in some meat products. Benha veterinary medical journal; 2:368‐374.
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  94. Didkowska A., Orłowska B., Krajewska-Wędzina M., Augustynowicz-Kopeć E., et al.  (2021). Microbiological and molecular monitoring for bovine tuberculosis in the Polish population of European bison (Bison bonasus) Ann. Agric. Environ. Med; 28:575–578.
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  95. Shaltout, F.A., Hanan M. Lamada., Ehsan A.M. Edris. (2020). Bacteriological examination of some ready to eat meat and chicken meals. Biomed J Sci & Tech Res., 27(1):  20461- 20465.
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  96. Koch R. (1882). Die aetiologie der tuberkulose. Berl. Klin. Wochenschr.19:221–230.
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  97. Edris, A.M., Hassan, M.A., Shaltout,F.A. and Elhosseiny , S(2012): Detection of E.coli and Salmonella organisms in cattle and camel meat. Benha Veterinary Medical Journal, 24(2): 198-204
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  98. Ibrahim S., Danbirni S., Abubakar U.B., Usman A., Saidu A.S., Abdulkadir A. (2018). Estimates of Mycobacterial Infections Based on Abattoir Surveillance in Two North-Eastern States of Nigeria. Acta Sci. Microbiol.1:60–65.
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  99. Hassanin, F. S; Shaltout,F.A. and , Mostafa E.M(2013): Parasitic affections in edible offal. Benha Vet. Med.J.25 (2):34-39.
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  100. Markey B., Leonard F., Archambault M., Cullinane A., Maguire D. (2013).Clinical Veterinary Microbiology E-Book. 2nd ed. Elsevier; Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  101. Ebeed Saleh, Fahim Shaltout, Essam Abd Elaal (2021). Effect of some organic acids on microbial quality of dressed cattle carcasses in Damietta abattoirs, Egypt. Damanhour Journal of Veterinary Sciences 5(2): 17-20.
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  102. McCallan L., McNair J., Skuce R., Branch B. (2014). A Review of the Potential Role of Cattle Slurry in the Spread of Bovine Tuberculosis. Agri-food and Biosciences Institute; Belfast, UK.
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  103. Hassanin, F. S; Hassan, M. A; Shaltout F.A..and Elrais-Amina, M (2014): clostridium perfringens in vacuum packaged meat products. Benha veterinary medical journal, 26(1):49-53.
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  104. Taylor S.J., Ahonen L.J., de Leij F.A., Dale J.W.  (2003). Infection of Acanthamoeba castellanii with Mycobacterium bovis and M. bovis BCG and survival of M. bovis within the amoebae. Appl. Environ. Microbiol;69:4316–4319.
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  105. Hassan, M.A and Shaltout, F.A. (2004). Comparative Study on Storage Stability of Beef, Chicken meat, and Fish at Chilling Temperature. Alex.J.Vet.Science, 20(21):21-30.
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  106. Mukundan H., Chambers M., Waters R., Larsen M.H., (2015). editors. Tuberculosis, Leprosy and Mycobacterial Diseases of Man and Animals: The Many Hosts of Mycobacteria. CABI; Oxfordshire, UK: Immunopathogenesis of Mycobacterium bovis Infection of Cattle; p. 136.
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  107. Edris, A.M., Shaltout, F.A. and Abd Allah, A.M. (2005): Incidence of Bacillus cereus in some meat products and the effect of cooking on its survival. Zag. Vet. J.33 (2):118-124
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  108. Liebana E., Johnson L., Gough J., Durr P., et al. (2008). Pathology of naturally occurring bovine tuberculosis in England and Wales. Vet. J. 176:354–360.
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  109. Saad S.M., Shaltout, F.A., Nahla A Abou Elroos and Saber B El-nahas. (2019): Incidence of Staphylococci and E. coli in Meat and Some Meat Products. EC Nutrition 14.6 (2019).
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  110. Waters W.R. (2015). Large Animal Internal Medicine-e-Book. Elsevier; Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Bovine Tuberculosis; pp. 633–636. Chapter 31.
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  111. Hazaa,W, Shaltout, F.A., Mohamed El-Shater(2019). Identification of Some Biological Hazards in Some Meat Products. Benha Veterinary Medical Journal, 37 (2):27-31
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  112. Stear M.  (2005). OIE Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals (Mammals, Birds and Bees) 5th Edn. Volumes 1 and 2. World Organization for Animal Health 2004. 6. € 140. Parasitology; 130:727.
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  113. Elnaggar M.M., Abdellrazeq G.S., Elsisy A., Mahmoud A.H., Shyboub A., et al. (2017). Evaluation of antigen specific interleukin-1β as a biomarker to detect cattle infected with Mycobacterium bovis. Tuberculosis; 105:53–59.
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  114. De la Rua-Domenech R., Goodchild A.T., Vordermeier H.M., Hewinson R.G., et al. (2006). Ante mortem diagnosis of tuberculosis in cattle: A review of the tuberculin tests, γ-interferon assay and other ancillary diagnostic techniques. Res. Vet. Sci. 2006; 81:190–210.
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  115. Picasso-Risso C., Grau A., Bakker D., Nacar J., et al. (2019). Association between results of diagnostic tests for bovine tuberculosis and Johne’s disease in cattle. Vet. Rec. 185:693.
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  116. Saif, M., Saad S.M., Hassanin, F. S; Shaltout, F.A., Marionette Zouglou. (2019). Prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in some ready-to-eat meat products. Benha Veterinary Medical Journal; 37:12-15.
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  117. Parlane N.A., Chen S., Jones G.J., Vordermeier H.M., (2016). Display of antigens on polyester inclusions lowers the antigen concentration required for a bovine tuberculosis skin test. Clin. Vaccine Immunol; 23:19–26.
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  118. Gaafar, R., Hassanin, F. S; Shaltout, F.A., Marionette Zaghloul (2019). Molecular detection of enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus in some ready to eat meat-based sandwiches. Benha Veterinary Medical Journal, 37(2):22-26
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  119. Picasso-Risso C., Alvarez J., VanderWaal K., Kinsley A., Gil A., Wells S.J., Perez A.et al. (2021). Modelling the effect of test-and-slaughter strategies to control bovine tuberculosis in endemic high prevalence herds. Transbound. Emerg. Dis. 68:1205–1215.
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  120. Shaltout FA, El-Toukhy EI and Abd El-Hai MM. (2019). Molecular Diagnosis of Salmonellae in Frozen Meat and Some Meat Products. Nutrition and Food Technology Open Acces (1): 1-6
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  121. El-Sawalhy A. (2012). Veterinary Infectious Diseases in Domestic Animals. 3rd ed. Vetbook; Cairo, Egypt: pp. 305–308.
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar
  122. Edris, A.M., Shaltout, F.A., Salem, G.H. and El-Toukhy,E.I. (2011). Incidence and isolation of Salmonellae from some meat products. Benha University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Fourth Scientific Conference 25-27th May 2011Veterinary Medicine and Food Safety) 172-179 benha, Egypt.
    View at Publisher | View at Google Scholar

Clearly Auctoresonline and particularly Psychology and Mental Health Care Journal is dedicated to improving health care services for individuals and populations. The editorial boards' ability to efficiently recognize and share the global importance of health literacy with a variety of stakeholders. Auctoresonline publishing platform can be used to facilitate of optimal client-based services and should be added to health care professionals' repertoire of evidence-based health care resources.

img

Virginia E. Koenig

Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Intervention The submission and review process was adequate. However I think that the publication total value should have been enlightened in early fases. Thank you for all.

img

Delcio G Silva Junior

Journal of Women Health Care and Issues By the present mail, I want to say thank to you and tour colleagues for facilitating my published article. Specially thank you for the peer review process, support from the editorial office. I appreciate positively the quality of your journal.

img

Ziemlé Clément Méda

Journal of Clinical Research and Reports I would be very delighted to submit my testimonial regarding the reviewer board and the editorial office. The reviewer board were accurate and helpful regarding any modifications for my manuscript. And the editorial office were very helpful and supportive in contacting and monitoring with any update and offering help. It was my pleasure to contribute with your promising Journal and I am looking forward for more collaboration.

img

Mina Sherif Soliman Georgy

We would like to thank the Journal of Thoracic Disease and Cardiothoracic Surgery because of the services they provided us for our articles. The peer-review process was done in a very excellent time manner, and the opinions of the reviewers helped us to improve our manuscript further. The editorial office had an outstanding correspondence with us and guided us in many ways. During a hard time of the pandemic that is affecting every one of us tremendously, the editorial office helped us make everything easier for publishing scientific work. Hope for a more scientific relationship with your Journal.

img

Layla Shojaie

The peer-review process which consisted high quality queries on the paper. I did answer six reviewers’ questions and comments before the paper was accepted. The support from the editorial office is excellent.

img

Sing-yung Wu

Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. I had the experience of publishing a research article recently. The whole process was simple from submission to publication. The reviewers made specific and valuable recommendations and corrections that improved the quality of my publication. I strongly recommend this Journal.

img

Orlando Villarreal

Dr. Katarzyna Byczkowska My testimonial covering: "The peer review process is quick and effective. The support from the editorial office is very professional and friendly. Quality of the Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on cardiology that is useful for other professionals in the field.

img

Katarzyna Byczkowska

Thank you most sincerely, with regard to the support you have given in relation to the reviewing process and the processing of my article entitled "Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of The Prostate Gland: A Review and Update" for publication in your esteemed Journal, Journal of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics". The editorial team has been very supportive.

img

Anthony Kodzo-Grey Venyo

Testimony of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology: work with your Reviews has been a educational and constructive experience. The editorial office were very helpful and supportive. It was a pleasure to contribute to your Journal.

img

Pedro Marques Gomes

Dr. Bernard Terkimbi Utoo, I am happy to publish my scientific work in Journal of Women Health Care and Issues (JWHCI). The manuscript submission was seamless and peer review process was top notch. I was amazed that 4 reviewers worked on the manuscript which made it a highly technical, standard and excellent quality paper. I appreciate the format and consideration for the APC as well as the speed of publication. It is my pleasure to continue with this scientific relationship with the esteem JWHCI.

img

Bernard Terkimbi Utoo

This is an acknowledgment for peer reviewers, editorial board of Journal of Clinical Research and Reports. They show a lot of consideration for us as publishers for our research article “Evaluation of the different factors associated with side effects of COVID-19 vaccination on medical students, Mutah university, Al-Karak, Jordan”, in a very professional and easy way. This journal is one of outstanding medical journal.

img

Prof Sherif W Mansour

Dear Hao Jiang, to Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing We greatly appreciate the efficient, professional and rapid processing of our paper by your team. If there is anything else we should do, please do not hesitate to let us know. On behalf of my co-authors, we would like to express our great appreciation to editor and reviewers.

img

Hao Jiang

As an author who has recently published in the journal "Brain and Neurological Disorders". I am delighted to provide a testimonial on the peer review process, editorial office support, and the overall quality of the journal. The peer review process at Brain and Neurological Disorders is rigorous and meticulous, ensuring that only high-quality, evidence-based research is published. The reviewers are experts in their fields, and their comments and suggestions were constructive and helped improve the quality of my manuscript. The review process was timely and efficient, with clear communication from the editorial office at each stage. The support from the editorial office was exceptional throughout the entire process. The editorial staff was responsive, professional, and always willing to help. They provided valuable guidance on formatting, structure, and ethical considerations, making the submission process seamless. Moreover, they kept me informed about the status of my manuscript and provided timely updates, which made the process less stressful. The journal Brain and Neurological Disorders is of the highest quality, with a strong focus on publishing cutting-edge research in the field of neurology. The articles published in this journal are well-researched, rigorously peer-reviewed, and written by experts in the field. The journal maintains high standards, ensuring that readers are provided with the most up-to-date and reliable information on brain and neurological disorders. In conclusion, I had a wonderful experience publishing in Brain and Neurological Disorders. The peer review process was thorough, the editorial office provided exceptional support, and the journal's quality is second to none. I would highly recommend this journal to any researcher working in the field of neurology and brain disorders.

img

Dr Shiming Tang

Dear Agrippa Hilda, Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery, Editorial Coordinator, I trust this message finds you well. I want to extend my appreciation for considering my article for publication in your esteemed journal. I am pleased to provide a testimonial regarding the peer review process and the support received from your editorial office. The peer review process for my paper was carried out in a highly professional and thorough manner. The feedback and comments provided by the authors were constructive and very useful in improving the quality of the manuscript. This rigorous assessment process undoubtedly contributes to the high standards maintained by your journal.

img

Raed Mualem

International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. I strongly recommend to consider submitting your work to this high-quality journal. The support and availability of the Editorial staff is outstanding and the review process was both efficient and rigorous.

img

Andreas Filippaios

Thank you very much for publishing my Research Article titled “Comparing Treatment Outcome Of Allergic Rhinitis Patients After Using Fluticasone Nasal Spray And Nasal Douching" in the Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology. As Medical Professionals we are immensely benefited from study of various informative Articles and Papers published in this high quality Journal. I look forward to enriching my knowledge by regular study of the Journal and contribute my future work in the field of ENT through the Journal for use by the medical fraternity. The support from the Editorial office was excellent and very prompt. I also welcome the comments received from the readers of my Research Article.

img

Dr Suramya Dhamija

Dear Erica Kelsey, Editorial Coordinator of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics Our team is very satisfied with the processing of our paper by your journal. That was fast, efficient, rigorous, but without unnecessary complications. We appreciated the very short time between the submission of the paper and its publication on line on your site.

img

Bruno Chauffert

I am very glad to say that the peer review process is very successful and fast and support from the Editorial Office. Therefore, I would like to continue our scientific relationship for a long time. And I especially thank you for your kindly attention towards my article. Have a good day!

img

Baheci Selen

"We recently published an article entitled “Influence of beta-Cyclodextrins upon the Degradation of Carbofuran Derivatives under Alkaline Conditions" in the Journal of “Pesticides and Biofertilizers” to show that the cyclodextrins protect the carbamates increasing their half-life time in the presence of basic conditions This will be very helpful to understand carbofuran behaviour in the analytical, agro-environmental and food areas. We greatly appreciated the interaction with the editor and the editorial team; we were particularly well accompanied during the course of the revision process, since all various steps towards publication were short and without delay".

img

Jesus Simal-Gandara

I would like to express my gratitude towards you process of article review and submission. I found this to be very fair and expedient. Your follow up has been excellent. I have many publications in national and international journal and your process has been one of the best so far. Keep up the great work.

img

Douglas Miyazaki

We are grateful for this opportunity to provide a glowing recommendation to the Journal of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy. We found that the editorial team were very supportive, helpful, kept us abreast of timelines and over all very professional in nature. The peer review process was rigorous, efficient and constructive that really enhanced our article submission. The experience with this journal remains one of our best ever and we look forward to providing future submissions in the near future.

img

Dr Griffith

I am very pleased to serve as EBM of the journal, I hope many years of my experience in stem cells can help the journal from one way or another. As we know, stem cells hold great potential for regenerative medicine, which are mostly used to promote the repair response of diseased, dysfunctional or injured tissue using stem cells or their derivatives. I think Stem Cell Research and Therapeutics International is a great platform to publish and share the understanding towards the biology and translational or clinical application of stem cells.

img

Dr Tong Ming Liu

I would like to give my testimony in the support I have got by the peer review process and to support the editorial office where they were of asset to support young author like me to be encouraged to publish their work in your respected journal and globalize and share knowledge across the globe. I really give my great gratitude to your journal and the peer review including the editorial office.

img

Husain Taha Radhi

I am delighted to publish our manuscript entitled "A Perspective on Cocaine Induced Stroke - Its Mechanisms and Management" in the Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. The peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal are excellent. The manuscripts published are of high quality and of excellent scientific value. I recommend this journal very much to colleagues.

img

S Munshi

Dr.Tania Muñoz, My experience as researcher and author of a review article in The Journal Clinical Cardiology and Interventions has been very enriching and stimulating. The editorial team is excellent, performs its work with absolute responsibility and delivery. They are proactive, dynamic and receptive to all proposals. Supporting at all times the vast universe of authors who choose them as an option for publication. The team of review specialists, members of the editorial board, are brilliant professionals, with remarkable performance in medical research and scientific methodology. Together they form a frontline team that consolidates the JCCI as a magnificent option for the publication and review of high-level medical articles and broad collective interest. I am honored to be able to share my review article and open to receive all your comments.

img

Tania Munoz

“The peer review process of JPMHC is quick and effective. Authors are benefited by good and professional reviewers with huge experience in the field of psychology and mental health. The support from the editorial office is very professional. People to contact to are friendly and happy to help and assist any query authors might have. Quality of the Journal is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on mental health that is useful for other professionals in the field”.

img

George Varvatsoulias

Dear editorial department: On behalf of our team, I hereby certify the reliability and superiority of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews in the peer review process, editorial support, and journal quality. Firstly, the peer review process of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is rigorous, fair, transparent, fast, and of high quality. The editorial department invites experts from relevant fields as anonymous reviewers to review all submitted manuscripts. These experts have rich academic backgrounds and experience, and can accurately evaluate the academic quality, originality, and suitability of manuscripts. The editorial department is committed to ensuring the rigor of the peer review process, while also making every effort to ensure a fast review cycle to meet the needs of authors and the academic community. Secondly, the editorial team of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is composed of a group of senior scholars and professionals with rich experience and professional knowledge in related fields. The editorial department is committed to assisting authors in improving their manuscripts, ensuring their academic accuracy, clarity, and completeness. Editors actively collaborate with authors, providing useful suggestions and feedback to promote the improvement and development of the manuscript. We believe that the support of the editorial department is one of the key factors in ensuring the quality of the journal. Finally, the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is renowned for its high- quality articles and strict academic standards. The editorial department is committed to publishing innovative and academically valuable research results to promote the development and progress of related fields. The International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is reasonably priced and ensures excellent service and quality ratio, allowing authors to obtain high-level academic publishing opportunities in an affordable manner. I hereby solemnly declare that the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews has a high level of credibility and superiority in terms of peer review process, editorial support, reasonable fees, and journal quality. Sincerely, Rui Tao.

img

Rui Tao

Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions I testity the covering of the peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal.

img

Khurram Arshad