AUCTORES
Globalize your Research
Research Article | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/2021.ijcm/001
Russian New University (RosNOU), Moscow, Russia.
*Corresponding Author: Vladimir Ermoshkin, Russian New University (RosNOU), Moscow, Russia.
Citation: V Ermoshkin. (2021). The Main Processes that Occur in the Walls of the Arteries in Atherosclerosis. International Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine. 1(1); DOI: 10.31579/2021.ijcm/001
Copyright: © 2021 Vladimir Ermoshkin, This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Received: 05 July 2021 | Accepted: 06 August 2021 | Published: 16 August 2021
Keywords: Arteries; Atherosclerosis; heart
After the publication of several articles on the possible cause and mechanism of atherosclerosis [1-4], it is necessary to make some additional arguments for a better understanding of the problem. It is known that over the past hundred years, many theories of atherosclerosis have been put forward. But there is still no consensus, although the authors of the theories have already been awarded at least three Nobel Prizes. On the other hand, most honest researchers believe that at the moment the mystery of the mechanism of atherosclerosis has not been solved yet. Only a certain group of factors of atherosclerosis is known.
After the publication of several articles on the possible cause and mechanism of atherosclerosis [1-4], it is necessary to make some additional arguments for a better understanding of the problem. It is known that over the past hundred years, many theories of atherosclerosis have been put forward. But there is still no consensus, although the authors of the theories have already been awarded at least three Nobel Prizes. On the other hand, most honest researchers believe that at the moment the mystery of the mechanism of atherosclerosis has not been solved yet. Only a certain group of factors of atherosclerosis is known.
Studying information on the Internet, participating in medical conferences, publishing articles.
A new theory of atherosclerosis [1-4] has shown that the cause of increased stiffness of the arteries, including the aorta, may be periodic loss of some volume of arterial blood. Recall that the normal ratio of blood volumes is as follows: venous blood in humans is 80-85%, arterial blood is 15-20%. It is believed that the throughput capacities in terms of blood pumping volumes for the left and right ventricles of the heart are the same. It is noted that during stressful situations and an increase in blood pressure (BP), large arteriovenous anastomoses can open [5]. This leads to leakage of arterial blood through the anastomoses directly from the arteries to the veins. An additional factor in increasing the imbalance of blood volumes is the gravity of the Earth. Prolonged position of the spine in an upright position (standing or sitting) and inactivity also contributes to an increase in the volume of venous blood, mainly in the lower half of the body. Of course, there is a mechanism for restoring the volume ratio, and the imbalance between the average weaning of venous and arterial blood is gradually eliminated. Replenishment of arterial blood volume is carried out by additional pumping of blood through the small circle of blood circulation. This naturally occurs during physical exertion, massage, through breathing practices, while resting in a horizontal position of the body, plus a healthy sleep at night. In young people, this happens quickly and imperceptibly, in older people it is slow. Of course, a lot depends on the lifestyle of a particular person, the type of nervous system and other factors.
It can be assumed that many people have periodic blood leaks and further replenishment of volumes occur regularly and imperceptibly. It is also possible to make assumptions that gradually, along with the years lived, the ratio of venous and arterial blood volumes gradually changes in each person. The main thing is that the average volume of arterial blood decreases. Approximately in the same proportion, the volume of the arterial bed decreases, the stiffness of the arteries increases, and the development of atherosclerosis and the growth of plaques occurs. The installation of stents cannot solve the problem at the root, because a global lack of arterial blood after some time can lead to spasm of the same artery, but in a slightly different place, or other arteries will be subjected to atherosclerosis.
What can happen with a single, but significant leakage of arterial blood in a young person? It is obvious that the average volume of the arterial bed decreases by the same amount. If the leakage is significant, for example, due to severe stress, then the so-called forced spasm of the arteries occurs, i.e. the walls of the arteries try to get closer towards the axis of the vessel by a certain amount, in other words, the "diameter" of the artery and the circumference of their lumen become smaller. During these periods of time, the walls of the arteries deviate from their average non-stressed position. At the same time, the main load on the walls of the arteries is as follows: there are forces of separation of the endothelium from the intima due to a lack of arterial blood, these forces are transmitted through the middle elastic layers of the wall to the hard outer layer of the adventitia. But the adventitia usually does not spasm, it is much harder than the other layers of the vessel and holds the outer layer of the arteries almost unchanged.
Note here that the forces of separation of the endothelium from the media are additionally increased when this vessel is located in a vertical position relative to the Earth's surface. This mechanism is described in more detail in the article [2]. The maximum values of these forces are noted in the upper parts of these arteries or the aorta. It is these forces that can lead to a rupture (dissection) of the aorta. All this can be shown and proved using the laws of physics, specifically hydrostatics and hydromechanics.
Depending on the degree of reduction of the "diameter" of the artery, the degree of reduction of the length of the "circle" and the area of the lumen of the artery in a particular place is easily calculated. Over the years, changes occur in all arteries, and in large ones especially, all this leads to a significant compression of endothelial cells. The lumen of the artery is proportionally reduced. Intercellular interaction in a dense row of endothelial cells (EC) is disrupted. To keep the process of reducing the diameter of the arteries, the inner layers of the artery walls become tougher and tougher over the years.
Now it may be clear that it is not sessions of high blood pressure that lead to atherosclerosis, but the consequences after them. In fact, atherosclerosis can progress both with normal and with low blood pressure. The main reason is the lack of arterial blood in the arterial bed.
What happens directly in the artery wall? When stretching the inner layers of the artery wall (increasing the distance between the rigid adventitia and the endothelium), a pressure drop is created inside the elastic media layers, i.e. in the thickness of the artery walls, in the space between the endothelium and the rigid adventitia. As a result, areas with negative pressure appear inside the multilayer wall. Right in the thickness of the vascular wall, the forces of "suction" arise.
(This is equivalent to stretching the bellows on an accordion. When stretching the accordion without pressing the buttons, a negative pressure is formed inside the bellows, and the surrounding air, along with fine dust, rushes into the bellows through any holes! This is the" infiltration " of air together with dust into the accordion!)
But let's return to the arteries. Apparently, the" suction” of fluid is not possible through adventitia, but through the endothelium is possible, because the forces of separation due to the loss of arterial blood volume constantly damage the flat cells of the endothelium. The forces of "suction" through the gaps between the endothelial cells and through damage in the endothelial layer affect the blood flow directly. The lightest and smallest fractions of blood begin to penetrate under the endothelium or under the intima, and there they can accumulate in the form of a so-called "mush". In official medicine, this phenomenon is called "infiltration". The lightest fractions, as plaque researchers have been telling us for many years, are low-density lipoproteins (LDL), or "bad" cholesterol, plus any other light fractions of blood. In parallel, the work of the "vessels of the vessels" is disrupted, there are reasons for inflammation. Plaques grow in places of significant damage to the endothelium.
This is how the development of atherosclerosis occurs, this "development" goes on almost all your life, because the drop in arterial blood volumes can be slowed down or stopped, for example, by changing your lifestyle, by creating incentives for the growth of new arteries, but due to the progressive stiffness of the arteries and the accumulation of "mush", it is not possible to restore the average volume of the arterial bed, which was, for example, ten or more years ago.
Naturally, first of all, the increase in stiffness occurs on the apical side of the epidermal cells in contact with the blood flow. After all, otherwise there may be a critical decrease in the lumen of all the arteries and subsequent ischemia of many organs, which is unacceptable, so the body adapts, the walls become tougher.
Are there any prospects for preventing the development of atherosclerosis? Of course, they are there. But so far it is unrealistic for the purpose of preventing or "treating" atherosclerosis in a particular person to constantly or periodically pump blood into the arteries (observing blood pressure) with the help of an "additional pump" or periodic blood transfusion from the veins into the arteries. These, apparently, will be the developments of the future, there will be many of them. The main thing is to understand the causes and mechanism of atherosclerosis.
From this day the main cause of atherosclerosis has become clear! In addition, if we analyze the old theories of atherosclerosis, then the new theory becomes a theory that unites most of the old theories! It has become a superstructure over previous theories.
It seems incredible that medicine has spent more than 150 years searching for the cause of atherosclerosis, and the mechanism of atherosclerosis (its physical root cause) turned out to be extremely simple and can now be understood even by a high school graduate. On the other hand, it is known that there was and still is a natural selection for future doctors: school graduates who did not like mathematics and physics went to medicine. That's what it means to know physics badly.
So, to preserve health at this stage of the development of medicine, we can still recommend regular physical activity, breathing practices, special exercises, stress minimization, a varied diet, etc.
Now we can say that the main secret of atherosclerosis is no longer there. And cholesterol, consumed in moderation, of course, is not to blame.
It is necessary to outline steps to really help a person, starting from 2021, when this discovery in medicine occurred. And do not now refer to an erroneous, rejected reason. Allegedly, “the cause of atherosclerosis is a chronic disease (!) That occurs as a result of a violation of lipid (!) and protein (!) exchanges."
A few more facts in favor of the new theory of atherosclerosis, found by the author on the Internet.
1. Previously” Oberleithner H. my colleagues and I found out [6, 7] that endothelial cells (EC) can be conditionally "soft "(they produce more nitric oxide) and "hard". Later, this phenomenon was called "rigid endothelial cell syndrome". Author's comment: in areas where the epithelial separation forces from the intima are of greater amplitude and occur more often in time, there is an adaptation of the cardiovascular system in the form of an increase in the stiffness of surface cells in contact with the blood flow.
2. " If we consider the content of multinucleated cells as one of the signs of the upcoming aging of the endothelial population in a particular zone, it can be assumed that in the zones of HPA (high predisposition to atherosclerosis) these processes are more active and are ahead of those in the zones of LPA (low) by an average of 20-30 years [8]." The author's comment: apparently, due to the loss of arterial blood, the appearance of multinucleated endothelial cells is the result of a strong and constant compression of endothelial cells along the inner closed ring (along the circumference of the artery lumen). As a result, there are violations of intercellular interaction, aging, apoptosis and EC dysfunction.
3. " Under normal conditions, endothelial cells are a layer of flat cells. As a rule, they have a polygonal shape. Their length ranges from 20 to 150 microns, width from 10 to 20 microns... Over time, the already flattened endothelial lining becomes thinner, but the intima as a whole thickens. This is primarily due to edema of the subendothelial space. It also accumulates protein substances [6] - both fine-dispersed and coarse-dispersed, decomposition products of the extracellular matrix, swelling and decay of the fibrous component are detected. In addition, smooth muscle cells migrate from the middle shell to the intima, where they continue to proliferate. “Comment of the author of the article: these findings contribute to a convincing confirmation of the new theory of atherosclerosis!
The author believes that the underlying causes and mechanism of atherosclerosis in humans are now becoming revealed and shown. It turns out that there is no violation of lipid and protein metabolism in the artery wall as the root cause of the disease. The main reason is the periodic loss of the necessary volume of arterial blood in people and the accompanying negative pressure and infiltration that occur in the thickness of the artery walls.
The author of the new theory of atherosclerosis has questions for the heads of medicine. These are the questions.
Do specialists have any objections, criticism or additions to the New Theory of Atherosclerosis?
Who will tell and help how to act in this situation to a single physicist, the author of the Theory of atherosclerosis?
What should be done to get this article on the table of the Minister of Health?
Or is it still necessary to "play silent"?
And yet, perhaps, an epoch-making event in medicine has happened, I will not be afraid of this word.
I apologize in advance if I accidentally offended anyone of the academics.
Clearly Auctoresonline and particularly Psychology and Mental Health Care Journal is dedicated to improving health care services for individuals and populations. The editorial boards' ability to efficiently recognize and share the global importance of health literacy with a variety of stakeholders. Auctoresonline publishing platform can be used to facilitate of optimal client-based services and should be added to health care professionals' repertoire of evidence-based health care resources.
Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Intervention The submission and review process was adequate. However I think that the publication total value should have been enlightened in early fases. Thank you for all.
Journal of Women Health Care and Issues By the present mail, I want to say thank to you and tour colleagues for facilitating my published article. Specially thank you for the peer review process, support from the editorial office. I appreciate positively the quality of your journal.
Journal of Clinical Research and Reports I would be very delighted to submit my testimonial regarding the reviewer board and the editorial office. The reviewer board were accurate and helpful regarding any modifications for my manuscript. And the editorial office were very helpful and supportive in contacting and monitoring with any update and offering help. It was my pleasure to contribute with your promising Journal and I am looking forward for more collaboration.
We would like to thank the Journal of Thoracic Disease and Cardiothoracic Surgery because of the services they provided us for our articles. The peer-review process was done in a very excellent time manner, and the opinions of the reviewers helped us to improve our manuscript further. The editorial office had an outstanding correspondence with us and guided us in many ways. During a hard time of the pandemic that is affecting every one of us tremendously, the editorial office helped us make everything easier for publishing scientific work. Hope for a more scientific relationship with your Journal.
The peer-review process which consisted high quality queries on the paper. I did answer six reviewers’ questions and comments before the paper was accepted. The support from the editorial office is excellent.
Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. I had the experience of publishing a research article recently. The whole process was simple from submission to publication. The reviewers made specific and valuable recommendations and corrections that improved the quality of my publication. I strongly recommend this Journal.
Dr. Katarzyna Byczkowska My testimonial covering: "The peer review process is quick and effective. The support from the editorial office is very professional and friendly. Quality of the Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on cardiology that is useful for other professionals in the field.
Thank you most sincerely, with regard to the support you have given in relation to the reviewing process and the processing of my article entitled "Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of The Prostate Gland: A Review and Update" for publication in your esteemed Journal, Journal of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics". The editorial team has been very supportive.
Testimony of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology: work with your Reviews has been a educational and constructive experience. The editorial office were very helpful and supportive. It was a pleasure to contribute to your Journal.
Dr. Bernard Terkimbi Utoo, I am happy to publish my scientific work in Journal of Women Health Care and Issues (JWHCI). The manuscript submission was seamless and peer review process was top notch. I was amazed that 4 reviewers worked on the manuscript which made it a highly technical, standard and excellent quality paper. I appreciate the format and consideration for the APC as well as the speed of publication. It is my pleasure to continue with this scientific relationship with the esteem JWHCI.
This is an acknowledgment for peer reviewers, editorial board of Journal of Clinical Research and Reports. They show a lot of consideration for us as publishers for our research article “Evaluation of the different factors associated with side effects of COVID-19 vaccination on medical students, Mutah university, Al-Karak, Jordan”, in a very professional and easy way. This journal is one of outstanding medical journal.
Dear Hao Jiang, to Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing We greatly appreciate the efficient, professional and rapid processing of our paper by your team. If there is anything else we should do, please do not hesitate to let us know. On behalf of my co-authors, we would like to express our great appreciation to editor and reviewers.
As an author who has recently published in the journal "Brain and Neurological Disorders". I am delighted to provide a testimonial on the peer review process, editorial office support, and the overall quality of the journal. The peer review process at Brain and Neurological Disorders is rigorous and meticulous, ensuring that only high-quality, evidence-based research is published. The reviewers are experts in their fields, and their comments and suggestions were constructive and helped improve the quality of my manuscript. The review process was timely and efficient, with clear communication from the editorial office at each stage. The support from the editorial office was exceptional throughout the entire process. The editorial staff was responsive, professional, and always willing to help. They provided valuable guidance on formatting, structure, and ethical considerations, making the submission process seamless. Moreover, they kept me informed about the status of my manuscript and provided timely updates, which made the process less stressful. The journal Brain and Neurological Disorders is of the highest quality, with a strong focus on publishing cutting-edge research in the field of neurology. The articles published in this journal are well-researched, rigorously peer-reviewed, and written by experts in the field. The journal maintains high standards, ensuring that readers are provided with the most up-to-date and reliable information on brain and neurological disorders. In conclusion, I had a wonderful experience publishing in Brain and Neurological Disorders. The peer review process was thorough, the editorial office provided exceptional support, and the journal's quality is second to none. I would highly recommend this journal to any researcher working in the field of neurology and brain disorders.
Dear Agrippa Hilda, Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery, Editorial Coordinator, I trust this message finds you well. I want to extend my appreciation for considering my article for publication in your esteemed journal. I am pleased to provide a testimonial regarding the peer review process and the support received from your editorial office. The peer review process for my paper was carried out in a highly professional and thorough manner. The feedback and comments provided by the authors were constructive and very useful in improving the quality of the manuscript. This rigorous assessment process undoubtedly contributes to the high standards maintained by your journal.
International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. I strongly recommend to consider submitting your work to this high-quality journal. The support and availability of the Editorial staff is outstanding and the review process was both efficient and rigorous.
Thank you very much for publishing my Research Article titled “Comparing Treatment Outcome Of Allergic Rhinitis Patients After Using Fluticasone Nasal Spray And Nasal Douching" in the Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology. As Medical Professionals we are immensely benefited from study of various informative Articles and Papers published in this high quality Journal. I look forward to enriching my knowledge by regular study of the Journal and contribute my future work in the field of ENT through the Journal for use by the medical fraternity. The support from the Editorial office was excellent and very prompt. I also welcome the comments received from the readers of my Research Article.
Dear Erica Kelsey, Editorial Coordinator of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics Our team is very satisfied with the processing of our paper by your journal. That was fast, efficient, rigorous, but without unnecessary complications. We appreciated the very short time between the submission of the paper and its publication on line on your site.
I am very glad to say that the peer review process is very successful and fast and support from the Editorial Office. Therefore, I would like to continue our scientific relationship for a long time. And I especially thank you for your kindly attention towards my article. Have a good day!
"We recently published an article entitled “Influence of beta-Cyclodextrins upon the Degradation of Carbofuran Derivatives under Alkaline Conditions" in the Journal of “Pesticides and Biofertilizers” to show that the cyclodextrins protect the carbamates increasing their half-life time in the presence of basic conditions This will be very helpful to understand carbofuran behaviour in the analytical, agro-environmental and food areas. We greatly appreciated the interaction with the editor and the editorial team; we were particularly well accompanied during the course of the revision process, since all various steps towards publication were short and without delay".
I would like to express my gratitude towards you process of article review and submission. I found this to be very fair and expedient. Your follow up has been excellent. I have many publications in national and international journal and your process has been one of the best so far. Keep up the great work.
We are grateful for this opportunity to provide a glowing recommendation to the Journal of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy. We found that the editorial team were very supportive, helpful, kept us abreast of timelines and over all very professional in nature. The peer review process was rigorous, efficient and constructive that really enhanced our article submission. The experience with this journal remains one of our best ever and we look forward to providing future submissions in the near future.
I am very pleased to serve as EBM of the journal, I hope many years of my experience in stem cells can help the journal from one way or another. As we know, stem cells hold great potential for regenerative medicine, which are mostly used to promote the repair response of diseased, dysfunctional or injured tissue using stem cells or their derivatives. I think Stem Cell Research and Therapeutics International is a great platform to publish and share the understanding towards the biology and translational or clinical application of stem cells.
I would like to give my testimony in the support I have got by the peer review process and to support the editorial office where they were of asset to support young author like me to be encouraged to publish their work in your respected journal and globalize and share knowledge across the globe. I really give my great gratitude to your journal and the peer review including the editorial office.
I am delighted to publish our manuscript entitled "A Perspective on Cocaine Induced Stroke - Its Mechanisms and Management" in the Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. The peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal are excellent. The manuscripts published are of high quality and of excellent scientific value. I recommend this journal very much to colleagues.
Dr.Tania Muñoz, My experience as researcher and author of a review article in The Journal Clinical Cardiology and Interventions has been very enriching and stimulating. The editorial team is excellent, performs its work with absolute responsibility and delivery. They are proactive, dynamic and receptive to all proposals. Supporting at all times the vast universe of authors who choose them as an option for publication. The team of review specialists, members of the editorial board, are brilliant professionals, with remarkable performance in medical research and scientific methodology. Together they form a frontline team that consolidates the JCCI as a magnificent option for the publication and review of high-level medical articles and broad collective interest. I am honored to be able to share my review article and open to receive all your comments.
“The peer review process of JPMHC is quick and effective. Authors are benefited by good and professional reviewers with huge experience in the field of psychology and mental health. The support from the editorial office is very professional. People to contact to are friendly and happy to help and assist any query authors might have. Quality of the Journal is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on mental health that is useful for other professionals in the field”.
Dear editorial department: On behalf of our team, I hereby certify the reliability and superiority of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews in the peer review process, editorial support, and journal quality. Firstly, the peer review process of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is rigorous, fair, transparent, fast, and of high quality. The editorial department invites experts from relevant fields as anonymous reviewers to review all submitted manuscripts. These experts have rich academic backgrounds and experience, and can accurately evaluate the academic quality, originality, and suitability of manuscripts. The editorial department is committed to ensuring the rigor of the peer review process, while also making every effort to ensure a fast review cycle to meet the needs of authors and the academic community. Secondly, the editorial team of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is composed of a group of senior scholars and professionals with rich experience and professional knowledge in related fields. The editorial department is committed to assisting authors in improving their manuscripts, ensuring their academic accuracy, clarity, and completeness. Editors actively collaborate with authors, providing useful suggestions and feedback to promote the improvement and development of the manuscript. We believe that the support of the editorial department is one of the key factors in ensuring the quality of the journal. Finally, the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is renowned for its high- quality articles and strict academic standards. The editorial department is committed to publishing innovative and academically valuable research results to promote the development and progress of related fields. The International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is reasonably priced and ensures excellent service and quality ratio, allowing authors to obtain high-level academic publishing opportunities in an affordable manner. I hereby solemnly declare that the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews has a high level of credibility and superiority in terms of peer review process, editorial support, reasonable fees, and journal quality. Sincerely, Rui Tao.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions I testity the covering of the peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal.
