AUCTORES
Globalize your Research
Research Article | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/2637-8892/061
1 Clinical and Pathological Psychology, University of Yaounde I.
2 Master in Clinical and Pathological Psychology, University of Yaounde I.
*Corresponding Author: NDJE NDJE MIREILLE, Clinical and Pathological Psychology, University of Yaounde
Citation: NDJE NDJE MIREILLE, LONGCHI Gladys NAHLELA (2019) Family Life Experiences and the Abusive Consumption of Tramadol by Adolescents, J. Psychology and Mental Health Care. 3(4); DOI: 10.31579/2637-8892/061
Copyright: © 2019 NDJE NDJE MIREILLE, This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,provided the original author and source are credited.
Received: 15 November 2019 | Accepted: 16 December 2019 | Published: 17 December 2019
Keywords: family life experience; tramadol; abusive consumption; adolescents
There are increasing worries in many countries worldwide especially in Cameroon as concern the abusive consumption of tramadol and its addictive effects. Experiences within the family have a major influence on the wellbeing of its members, be it child, adolescent or adult. This is what spurred us to question other factors which have harmful effects on those abusing tramadol. This article aims to find how adolescents who have the necessary requirements for an adapted development seek satisfaction in abusive tramadol consumption. The objective was to understand the meaning adolescents who abusively consumes tramadol associate to their family life experiences and also bring out practical information on how adolescent’s emotional needs are met. We conducted a clinical study on three adolescents who abusively consume tramadol at the Psychiatric unit of Jamot Hospital Yaounde. Data was collected using semi- structured interview guide. Data collected was analyzed using thematic content and sequential analysis. The results were interpreted mainly based on the attachment theory which has shown that family life experiences are the association and negative interpretations of events experienced by these adolescents. These experiences have engendered a lacking state which the adolescents try to overcome by abusively consuming tramadol. Finding also indicated that family life experiences lead to the difficulties in managing negative counter-transference reactions which interferes with their ability to provide secured based. Perspectives for this research highlighted the lack of research exploring the rate of tramadol abusive consumption in the rural area and the end comparing their prevalence rates.
The prevalence of health risky behaviors associated with adolescent illicit drug use has attracted growing national and international attention. Unfortunately adolescents under rate the harmful effects of this unhealthy life styles (McMaster and keshav; 1994). These unpleasant activities by adolescents are wide spread in Cameroon and all over Africa; thus giving a lot of concern to the government and general public (Greene; 1980). According to NIDA (2003); adolescents today face many risks; including drug abuse; violence and HIV/AIDS which responding to these risks before they become a problem can be very difficult. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA; 2017); indicate that some children as young as 12 or 13years are already involved in abusive drug use; that means some may begin even earlier. Early abused drugs are licit drugs such as Alcohol; Tobacco; Coffee; Inhalants. If drug abuse persist in to later adolescence; abusers typically become more involved with illegal or illicit drugs (cannabis; heroin; cocaine; crack cocaine; Indian hemp; amphetamine; marijuana; barbiturates and tramadol). which a majority of Cameroonian adolescents ignorantly depend on one form or the other for their daily activities. The magnitude of this problem in countries smuggling and growing tramadol in some Africa and west Asian countries is the evidence in the large quantities seized in North; West and Central Africa. In 2010; an increase of non medical use (abuse) of tramadol was reported in Gaza (UNODC; 2017). In 2013; the highest rate of tramadol abuse was found in adolescents; with 2.8% of all people aged from 12 to 25 taking it at some point for non-medical reasons. While huge attention has been paid to the opioid crisis in the US; where misuse of prescription drugs like fentanyl dominate figures release by UNODC; 2018 has revealed seizures in Africa for opioid now account for 87% of the global total. Unlike in the US; the seizing of opioids is concentrated in West; Central and North Africa; here the seizure largely consisted of tramadol; followed by codeine. The latest UN world drug report (UN; 2018); which noted that opioids were the most harmful global drug trend; accounting for 76% of deaths with drug-use disorders implicated. The report said that while fentanyl and its analogues remain a problem in North America; tramadol used to treat moderate and moderate-to- severe pain has become a growing concern in part of Africa and Asia. In Cameroon; 21% of the total Cameroonian population had tested hard drugs (illicit drugs); 10% of the population uses the drugs regularly and 60% are young people of ages 12 to 24year. The principal primary substances mostly used in Cameroon are cannabis with 58.54%; due to the fact that cannabis the oldest illicit drug well known is cultivated locally thus making it accessible. It is often associated with tobacco; tramadol with 44.62%; due to the fact that tramadol was a prescription only medicine use for medicinal therapy and its abusive consumption has just gain ground recently in our country and it is mostly noticed among adolescents in the school milieu; with commercial bike riders and drivers. Unlike cocaine with 12.10% consumption due to the fact that is inaccessible and much more expensive to afford. The other drug consumption constitutes traditional fortune with 7.59% consumption; solvent with 7.36% consumption and heroine with 5.70% consumption. As reported from “Comité National de Lutte Contre la Drogue (CNLD; 2018)” Cameroon’s Anti-drug National Committee. The CNLD also specified that more than 12000 young people in Cameroon of ages less than 15years are concern with the usage of psycho-active substances; narcotics and opioids such as alcohol; cocaine; heroin; amphetamines and psychotropic medicine; where school milieu; quarters; market; streets are used as their trafficking points. The Ministry of Public Health indicate that about 15000 young people between the ages of 13 to 15 have either come in contact with drug abuse or have abuse drug. Concerning the Yaounde adolescents; at the Jamot Hospital Yaounde (JHY); within the period of August 2018 to May 2019; of all the adolescents received at the psychiatric unit of JHY; 70% of them were involved in tramadol abuse. That is out of 100 patients received for psychoactive substance consumption 70% were those who abusively consume tramadol. Following the 2014 Boko Haram crisis in the Far North of Cameroon and the 2016 crises in the North West and South West Region of Cameroon; the government noticed an increase in risk taking behaviors; with a significant rise in cases of drug addiction (Cameroon Tribune; No. 28 of August 2018) .One of the drug commonly associated with this trend is Tramadol. According to WHO substance abuse also know as drug abuse is a pattern use of a drug in which the user consumes the drug in the amount or with the method which are harmful to themselves or others. Drug abuse may lead to organize crimes; poor health condition and disruption of normal academic program in adolescent; and according to Mental Health Specialists; a person who abused drugs have also been identified with drug dependence; addiction and suicide attempt as some of the major consequences. Abusive substance use is also characterized by compulsive drug craving seeking behavior even in the face of negative consequences. Despite consistent campaign against drugs and psychoactive substance abuse and the efforts put in place by Cameroon Government; Health & Education Ministers; Mental Health Services and NGO’s there are still increasingly high rates of tramadol prevalence and dependence; and some serious addictions. It is against this back drop that this article intends to understand the family life experience and abusive consumption of Tramadol by adolescents.
Clearly Auctoresonline and particularly Psychology and Mental Health Care Journal is dedicated to improving health care services for individuals and populations. The editorial boards' ability to efficiently recognize and share the global importance of health literacy with a variety of stakeholders. Auctoresonline publishing platform can be used to facilitate of optimal client-based services and should be added to health care professionals' repertoire of evidence-based health care resources.
Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Intervention The submission and review process was adequate. However I think that the publication total value should have been enlightened in early fases. Thank you for all.
Journal of Women Health Care and Issues By the present mail, I want to say thank to you and tour colleagues for facilitating my published article. Specially thank you for the peer review process, support from the editorial office. I appreciate positively the quality of your journal.
Journal of Clinical Research and Reports I would be very delighted to submit my testimonial regarding the reviewer board and the editorial office. The reviewer board were accurate and helpful regarding any modifications for my manuscript. And the editorial office were very helpful and supportive in contacting and monitoring with any update and offering help. It was my pleasure to contribute with your promising Journal and I am looking forward for more collaboration.
We would like to thank the Journal of Thoracic Disease and Cardiothoracic Surgery because of the services they provided us for our articles. The peer-review process was done in a very excellent time manner, and the opinions of the reviewers helped us to improve our manuscript further. The editorial office had an outstanding correspondence with us and guided us in many ways. During a hard time of the pandemic that is affecting every one of us tremendously, the editorial office helped us make everything easier for publishing scientific work. Hope for a more scientific relationship with your Journal.
The peer-review process which consisted high quality queries on the paper. I did answer six reviewers’ questions and comments before the paper was accepted. The support from the editorial office is excellent.
Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. I had the experience of publishing a research article recently. The whole process was simple from submission to publication. The reviewers made specific and valuable recommendations and corrections that improved the quality of my publication. I strongly recommend this Journal.
Dr. Katarzyna Byczkowska My testimonial covering: "The peer review process is quick and effective. The support from the editorial office is very professional and friendly. Quality of the Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on cardiology that is useful for other professionals in the field.
Thank you most sincerely, with regard to the support you have given in relation to the reviewing process and the processing of my article entitled "Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of The Prostate Gland: A Review and Update" for publication in your esteemed Journal, Journal of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics". The editorial team has been very supportive.
Testimony of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology: work with your Reviews has been a educational and constructive experience. The editorial office were very helpful and supportive. It was a pleasure to contribute to your Journal.
Dr. Bernard Terkimbi Utoo, I am happy to publish my scientific work in Journal of Women Health Care and Issues (JWHCI). The manuscript submission was seamless and peer review process was top notch. I was amazed that 4 reviewers worked on the manuscript which made it a highly technical, standard and excellent quality paper. I appreciate the format and consideration for the APC as well as the speed of publication. It is my pleasure to continue with this scientific relationship with the esteem JWHCI.
This is an acknowledgment for peer reviewers, editorial board of Journal of Clinical Research and Reports. They show a lot of consideration for us as publishers for our research article “Evaluation of the different factors associated with side effects of COVID-19 vaccination on medical students, Mutah university, Al-Karak, Jordan”, in a very professional and easy way. This journal is one of outstanding medical journal.
Dear Hao Jiang, to Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing We greatly appreciate the efficient, professional and rapid processing of our paper by your team. If there is anything else we should do, please do not hesitate to let us know. On behalf of my co-authors, we would like to express our great appreciation to editor and reviewers.
As an author who has recently published in the journal "Brain and Neurological Disorders". I am delighted to provide a testimonial on the peer review process, editorial office support, and the overall quality of the journal. The peer review process at Brain and Neurological Disorders is rigorous and meticulous, ensuring that only high-quality, evidence-based research is published. The reviewers are experts in their fields, and their comments and suggestions were constructive and helped improve the quality of my manuscript. The review process was timely and efficient, with clear communication from the editorial office at each stage. The support from the editorial office was exceptional throughout the entire process. The editorial staff was responsive, professional, and always willing to help. They provided valuable guidance on formatting, structure, and ethical considerations, making the submission process seamless. Moreover, they kept me informed about the status of my manuscript and provided timely updates, which made the process less stressful. The journal Brain and Neurological Disorders is of the highest quality, with a strong focus on publishing cutting-edge research in the field of neurology. The articles published in this journal are well-researched, rigorously peer-reviewed, and written by experts in the field. The journal maintains high standards, ensuring that readers are provided with the most up-to-date and reliable information on brain and neurological disorders. In conclusion, I had a wonderful experience publishing in Brain and Neurological Disorders. The peer review process was thorough, the editorial office provided exceptional support, and the journal's quality is second to none. I would highly recommend this journal to any researcher working in the field of neurology and brain disorders.
Dear Agrippa Hilda, Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery, Editorial Coordinator, I trust this message finds you well. I want to extend my appreciation for considering my article for publication in your esteemed journal. I am pleased to provide a testimonial regarding the peer review process and the support received from your editorial office. The peer review process for my paper was carried out in a highly professional and thorough manner. The feedback and comments provided by the authors were constructive and very useful in improving the quality of the manuscript. This rigorous assessment process undoubtedly contributes to the high standards maintained by your journal.
International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. I strongly recommend to consider submitting your work to this high-quality journal. The support and availability of the Editorial staff is outstanding and the review process was both efficient and rigorous.
Thank you very much for publishing my Research Article titled “Comparing Treatment Outcome Of Allergic Rhinitis Patients After Using Fluticasone Nasal Spray And Nasal Douching" in the Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology. As Medical Professionals we are immensely benefited from study of various informative Articles and Papers published in this high quality Journal. I look forward to enriching my knowledge by regular study of the Journal and contribute my future work in the field of ENT through the Journal for use by the medical fraternity. The support from the Editorial office was excellent and very prompt. I also welcome the comments received from the readers of my Research Article.
Dear Erica Kelsey, Editorial Coordinator of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics Our team is very satisfied with the processing of our paper by your journal. That was fast, efficient, rigorous, but without unnecessary complications. We appreciated the very short time between the submission of the paper and its publication on line on your site.
I am very glad to say that the peer review process is very successful and fast and support from the Editorial Office. Therefore, I would like to continue our scientific relationship for a long time. And I especially thank you for your kindly attention towards my article. Have a good day!
"We recently published an article entitled “Influence of beta-Cyclodextrins upon the Degradation of Carbofuran Derivatives under Alkaline Conditions" in the Journal of “Pesticides and Biofertilizers” to show that the cyclodextrins protect the carbamates increasing their half-life time in the presence of basic conditions This will be very helpful to understand carbofuran behaviour in the analytical, agro-environmental and food areas. We greatly appreciated the interaction with the editor and the editorial team; we were particularly well accompanied during the course of the revision process, since all various steps towards publication were short and without delay".
I would like to express my gratitude towards you process of article review and submission. I found this to be very fair and expedient. Your follow up has been excellent. I have many publications in national and international journal and your process has been one of the best so far. Keep up the great work.
We are grateful for this opportunity to provide a glowing recommendation to the Journal of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy. We found that the editorial team were very supportive, helpful, kept us abreast of timelines and over all very professional in nature. The peer review process was rigorous, efficient and constructive that really enhanced our article submission. The experience with this journal remains one of our best ever and we look forward to providing future submissions in the near future.
I am very pleased to serve as EBM of the journal, I hope many years of my experience in stem cells can help the journal from one way or another. As we know, stem cells hold great potential for regenerative medicine, which are mostly used to promote the repair response of diseased, dysfunctional or injured tissue using stem cells or their derivatives. I think Stem Cell Research and Therapeutics International is a great platform to publish and share the understanding towards the biology and translational or clinical application of stem cells.
I would like to give my testimony in the support I have got by the peer review process and to support the editorial office where they were of asset to support young author like me to be encouraged to publish their work in your respected journal and globalize and share knowledge across the globe. I really give my great gratitude to your journal and the peer review including the editorial office.
I am delighted to publish our manuscript entitled "A Perspective on Cocaine Induced Stroke - Its Mechanisms and Management" in the Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. The peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal are excellent. The manuscripts published are of high quality and of excellent scientific value. I recommend this journal very much to colleagues.
Dr.Tania Muñoz, My experience as researcher and author of a review article in The Journal Clinical Cardiology and Interventions has been very enriching and stimulating. The editorial team is excellent, performs its work with absolute responsibility and delivery. They are proactive, dynamic and receptive to all proposals. Supporting at all times the vast universe of authors who choose them as an option for publication. The team of review specialists, members of the editorial board, are brilliant professionals, with remarkable performance in medical research and scientific methodology. Together they form a frontline team that consolidates the JCCI as a magnificent option for the publication and review of high-level medical articles and broad collective interest. I am honored to be able to share my review article and open to receive all your comments.
“The peer review process of JPMHC is quick and effective. Authors are benefited by good and professional reviewers with huge experience in the field of psychology and mental health. The support from the editorial office is very professional. People to contact to are friendly and happy to help and assist any query authors might have. Quality of the Journal is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on mental health that is useful for other professionals in the field”.
Dear editorial department: On behalf of our team, I hereby certify the reliability and superiority of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews in the peer review process, editorial support, and journal quality. Firstly, the peer review process of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is rigorous, fair, transparent, fast, and of high quality. The editorial department invites experts from relevant fields as anonymous reviewers to review all submitted manuscripts. These experts have rich academic backgrounds and experience, and can accurately evaluate the academic quality, originality, and suitability of manuscripts. The editorial department is committed to ensuring the rigor of the peer review process, while also making every effort to ensure a fast review cycle to meet the needs of authors and the academic community. Secondly, the editorial team of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is composed of a group of senior scholars and professionals with rich experience and professional knowledge in related fields. The editorial department is committed to assisting authors in improving their manuscripts, ensuring their academic accuracy, clarity, and completeness. Editors actively collaborate with authors, providing useful suggestions and feedback to promote the improvement and development of the manuscript. We believe that the support of the editorial department is one of the key factors in ensuring the quality of the journal. Finally, the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is renowned for its high- quality articles and strict academic standards. The editorial department is committed to publishing innovative and academically valuable research results to promote the development and progress of related fields. The International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is reasonably priced and ensures excellent service and quality ratio, allowing authors to obtain high-level academic publishing opportunities in an affordable manner. I hereby solemnly declare that the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews has a high level of credibility and superiority in terms of peer review process, editorial support, reasonable fees, and journal quality. Sincerely, Rui Tao.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions I testity the covering of the peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal.
