AUCTORES
Globalize your Research
Review Article | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/2641-5194/051
1.Department of Laboratory Hematology and Blood Bank, Shahid Behesht University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.
*Corresponding Author: Shahin Asadi, Medical Genetics-Harvard University. Director of the Division of Medical Genetics and Molecular Optogenetic Research & Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Citation: Hadi s., Mahtab F.M. Masjed, Naser S. Esmaeli, Asadi S. (2022) A Review of Colitis Ulcers in the Gastrointestinal Tract; J. Gastroenterology Pancreatology and Hepatobilary Disorders, 6(1) DOI: 10.31579/2641-5194/051
Copyright: © 2022, Shahin Asadi, This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Received: 25 September 2021 | Accepted: 28 October 2021 | Published: 06 January 2022
Keywords: colitis ulcer disease; immune system attacking; colon and developing ulcerative colitis
Colitis ulcer disease is a chronic disorder that affects the gastrointestinal tract. The disease is characterized by abnormal inflammation of the inner surface of the rectum and intestine, which makes up most of the length of the large intestine. Inflammation usually causes open sores (ulcers) in the large intestine. Doctors still do not know exactly what causes ulcerative colitis. Ulcerative colitis is an inflammatory bowel disease, but genetics appear to play an important role.
Family history is seen in many patients with ulcerative colitis. In fact, having a relative with ulcerative colitis is the biggest risk factor for the disease, meaning you may inherit the genetic cause of ulcerative colitis.
In addition, some environmental factors are involved in the immune system attacking the colon and developing ulcerative colitis. Families with ulcerative colitis share some of the genes that appear to be linked to the disease. Note that several genetic changes may play a role in the development of ulcerative colitis. Genes may stimulate ulcerative colitis by altering the immune system response or disrupting the protective barrier of the intestinal wall.
Colitis ulcer disease is a chronic disorder that affects the gastrointestinal tract. The disease is characterized by abnormal inflammation of the inner surface of the rectum and intestine, which makes up most of the length of the large intestine. Inflammation usually causes open sores (ulcers) in the large intestine. Colitis ulcers usually appear between the ages of 15 and 30, although they can occur at any age. This inflammation tends to get worse several times in a lifetime, causing recurrence of its symptoms [1].
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a pathogenic virus that can rarely infect the gastrointestinal tract, especially in people with a history of internal or external immunosuppression [1].
The most common symptoms of colitis ulcers are abdominal pain and cramping and recurrent diarrhea, often with blood, pus, or mucus in the stool. Other signs and symptoms include nausea, loss of appetite, fatigue and fever. Chronic bleeding from inflamed intestinal tissue and ulcers can cause red blood cell deficiency (anemia) in some people. People with this disorder have difficulty absorbing enough fluids and nutrients from their diet and often lose weight. Affected children usually grow slower than normal. Typically, colitis ulcers cause problems with the skin, joints, eyes, kidneys, or liver, most likely due to abnormal inflammation [2].
Toxic megacolon is a rare complication of colitis ulcer that can be life threatening. Toxic megacolon includes dilatation of the large intestine and excessive bacterial infection (sepsis). Colitis ulcers also increase the risk of colon cancer, especially in people whose entire colon is inflamed and in people who have had colitis ulcers for 8 years or more [2].
Colitis ulcer is a common type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Another type of IBD is Crohn's disease, which causes chronic inflammation of the intestines. Unlike colitis ulcers, which affect only the inner surface of the large intestine, Crohn's disease can cause inflammation in any part of the gastrointestinal tract, and the inflammation can spread deeper into the intestinal tissue [3].
A variety of genetic and environmental factors are involved in the development of colitis ulcers. Recent studies have identified changes in dozens of genes that may be associated with colitis ulcers. However, the role of these changes is not fully understood. Researchers speculate that this condition may be due to changes in the protective function of the lining of the gut or an abnormal immune response to normal bacteria (normal flora) in the gastrointestinal tract, both of which may be due to genetic changes [3].
Several genes that may be associated with colitis ulcers are involved in the protective function of the intestines. The inner surface of the intestines provides a barrier that protects body tissues from bacteria that live in the intestines and toxins that pass through the gastrointestinal tract. Researchers speculate that breaking down the barrier could allow contact between intestinal tissue and bacteria and toxins, which could be an immune response. This immune response may lead to chronic inflammation and gastrointestinal problems characteristic of colitis ulcers [4].
Other genes associated with the disease are involved in the immune system, especially in the maturation and function of immune cells called T cells. T cells detect foreign substances and protect the body against infection. Some genetic changes may expose some people to an overactive immune response against bacteria and other gut microbes, which can lead to chronic inflammation that develops in colitis ulcers. Another possible explanation is that colitis ulcers occur when the immune system is defective and attacks intestinal cells, causing inflammation [4].
The hereditary pattern of colitis ulcers is unknown because many genetic and environmental factors are likely to be involved. Even if the pattern of inheritance of these conditions is unclear, having a family member with a colitis sore increases the risk of developing the disease [4].
Colitis ulcers are more common in North America and Western Europe. However, the prevalence is increasing in other areas. In North America, colitis affects about 40 to 240 people per 100,000 people. It is estimated that more than 750,000 people in North America suffer from this disorder. Colitis ulcers are more common in whites and Jews of Eastern and Central European descent (Ashkenazi) than in people of other ethnicities [5].
Colitis ulcers can be diagnosed based on the clinical findings of some patients and some pathological tests, and radiological imaging techniques. The most accurate method of diagnosing this disorder is radiation imaging with endoscopic technique [5].
The treatment and management strategy of colitis ulcer is symptomatic and supportive. Treatment may be done with the help and coordination of a team of specialists, including oncologists, gastroenterologists, surgeons, and other health care professionals. There is no effective treatment for this disease and surgery to remove colitis ulcers is not permanent. Genetic counseling is also important for all parents who want a healthy child [6, 7].
Researchers have found many genetic changes that are involved in ulcerative colitis but still do not know how these changes cause the disease. However, there are several theories:
Some of the genes associated with the disease are linked to the body's ability to produce proteins that form a protective barrier in the lining of the gut. This protective barrier keeps natural bacteria in the gut and any other toxins in the gut. If this protective barrier breaks, bacteria and toxins come in contact with the epithelial surface of the large intestine, which stimulates the immune system to react [8].
Other genes associated with ulcerative colitis affect T cells. T cells help identify bacteria and other foreign invaders in the body and attack them in the immune system [8].
Some genetic makeup may cause T cells to mistakenly attack bacteria that normally live harmlessly in the gut, or they may overreact to toxins or foreign invaders that have entered the large intestine. Show. This severe immune reaction causes ulcerative colitis. A 2012 study found that more than 70 genes could play a role in inflammatory bowel disease. Many of these genes have previously been linked to other immune disorders, such as psoriasis and ankylosing spondylitis [9].
It is true that genetics play an important role in this disease, but remember this is only part of the puzzle. Most people with ulcerative colitis have no family history [9].
In general, inflammatory bowel disease is more common in developed countries, especially in urban areas. Air pollution, diet and chemicals may play a role in increasing the risk of this disease [9].
Possible stimuli associated with ulcerative colitis include:
Lack of exposure to bacteria and germs in childhood, which prevents the immune system from developing normally [9].
A diet high in sugar and red meat and low in omega-3 fatty acids and vegetables
Vitamin D deficiency
Exposure to antibiotics in childhood
Taking aspirin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
Infection with bacteria or viruses such as Salmonella, E. coli and measles
Clearly Auctoresonline and particularly Psychology and Mental Health Care Journal is dedicated to improving health care services for individuals and populations. The editorial boards' ability to efficiently recognize and share the global importance of health literacy with a variety of stakeholders. Auctoresonline publishing platform can be used to facilitate of optimal client-based services and should be added to health care professionals' repertoire of evidence-based health care resources.
Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Intervention The submission and review process was adequate. However I think that the publication total value should have been enlightened in early fases. Thank you for all.
Journal of Women Health Care and Issues By the present mail, I want to say thank to you and tour colleagues for facilitating my published article. Specially thank you for the peer review process, support from the editorial office. I appreciate positively the quality of your journal.
Journal of Clinical Research and Reports I would be very delighted to submit my testimonial regarding the reviewer board and the editorial office. The reviewer board were accurate and helpful regarding any modifications for my manuscript. And the editorial office were very helpful and supportive in contacting and monitoring with any update and offering help. It was my pleasure to contribute with your promising Journal and I am looking forward for more collaboration.
We would like to thank the Journal of Thoracic Disease and Cardiothoracic Surgery because of the services they provided us for our articles. The peer-review process was done in a very excellent time manner, and the opinions of the reviewers helped us to improve our manuscript further. The editorial office had an outstanding correspondence with us and guided us in many ways. During a hard time of the pandemic that is affecting every one of us tremendously, the editorial office helped us make everything easier for publishing scientific work. Hope for a more scientific relationship with your Journal.
The peer-review process which consisted high quality queries on the paper. I did answer six reviewers’ questions and comments before the paper was accepted. The support from the editorial office is excellent.
Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. I had the experience of publishing a research article recently. The whole process was simple from submission to publication. The reviewers made specific and valuable recommendations and corrections that improved the quality of my publication. I strongly recommend this Journal.
Dr. Katarzyna Byczkowska My testimonial covering: "The peer review process is quick and effective. The support from the editorial office is very professional and friendly. Quality of the Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on cardiology that is useful for other professionals in the field.
Thank you most sincerely, with regard to the support you have given in relation to the reviewing process and the processing of my article entitled "Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of The Prostate Gland: A Review and Update" for publication in your esteemed Journal, Journal of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics". The editorial team has been very supportive.
Testimony of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology: work with your Reviews has been a educational and constructive experience. The editorial office were very helpful and supportive. It was a pleasure to contribute to your Journal.
Dr. Bernard Terkimbi Utoo, I am happy to publish my scientific work in Journal of Women Health Care and Issues (JWHCI). The manuscript submission was seamless and peer review process was top notch. I was amazed that 4 reviewers worked on the manuscript which made it a highly technical, standard and excellent quality paper. I appreciate the format and consideration for the APC as well as the speed of publication. It is my pleasure to continue with this scientific relationship with the esteem JWHCI.
This is an acknowledgment for peer reviewers, editorial board of Journal of Clinical Research and Reports. They show a lot of consideration for us as publishers for our research article “Evaluation of the different factors associated with side effects of COVID-19 vaccination on medical students, Mutah university, Al-Karak, Jordan”, in a very professional and easy way. This journal is one of outstanding medical journal.
Dear Hao Jiang, to Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing We greatly appreciate the efficient, professional and rapid processing of our paper by your team. If there is anything else we should do, please do not hesitate to let us know. On behalf of my co-authors, we would like to express our great appreciation to editor and reviewers.
As an author who has recently published in the journal "Brain and Neurological Disorders". I am delighted to provide a testimonial on the peer review process, editorial office support, and the overall quality of the journal. The peer review process at Brain and Neurological Disorders is rigorous and meticulous, ensuring that only high-quality, evidence-based research is published. The reviewers are experts in their fields, and their comments and suggestions were constructive and helped improve the quality of my manuscript. The review process was timely and efficient, with clear communication from the editorial office at each stage. The support from the editorial office was exceptional throughout the entire process. The editorial staff was responsive, professional, and always willing to help. They provided valuable guidance on formatting, structure, and ethical considerations, making the submission process seamless. Moreover, they kept me informed about the status of my manuscript and provided timely updates, which made the process less stressful. The journal Brain and Neurological Disorders is of the highest quality, with a strong focus on publishing cutting-edge research in the field of neurology. The articles published in this journal are well-researched, rigorously peer-reviewed, and written by experts in the field. The journal maintains high standards, ensuring that readers are provided with the most up-to-date and reliable information on brain and neurological disorders. In conclusion, I had a wonderful experience publishing in Brain and Neurological Disorders. The peer review process was thorough, the editorial office provided exceptional support, and the journal's quality is second to none. I would highly recommend this journal to any researcher working in the field of neurology and brain disorders.
Dear Agrippa Hilda, Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery, Editorial Coordinator, I trust this message finds you well. I want to extend my appreciation for considering my article for publication in your esteemed journal. I am pleased to provide a testimonial regarding the peer review process and the support received from your editorial office. The peer review process for my paper was carried out in a highly professional and thorough manner. The feedback and comments provided by the authors were constructive and very useful in improving the quality of the manuscript. This rigorous assessment process undoubtedly contributes to the high standards maintained by your journal.
International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. I strongly recommend to consider submitting your work to this high-quality journal. The support and availability of the Editorial staff is outstanding and the review process was both efficient and rigorous.
Thank you very much for publishing my Research Article titled “Comparing Treatment Outcome Of Allergic Rhinitis Patients After Using Fluticasone Nasal Spray And Nasal Douching" in the Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology. As Medical Professionals we are immensely benefited from study of various informative Articles and Papers published in this high quality Journal. I look forward to enriching my knowledge by regular study of the Journal and contribute my future work in the field of ENT through the Journal for use by the medical fraternity. The support from the Editorial office was excellent and very prompt. I also welcome the comments received from the readers of my Research Article.
Dear Erica Kelsey, Editorial Coordinator of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics Our team is very satisfied with the processing of our paper by your journal. That was fast, efficient, rigorous, but without unnecessary complications. We appreciated the very short time between the submission of the paper and its publication on line on your site.
I am very glad to say that the peer review process is very successful and fast and support from the Editorial Office. Therefore, I would like to continue our scientific relationship for a long time. And I especially thank you for your kindly attention towards my article. Have a good day!
"We recently published an article entitled “Influence of beta-Cyclodextrins upon the Degradation of Carbofuran Derivatives under Alkaline Conditions" in the Journal of “Pesticides and Biofertilizers” to show that the cyclodextrins protect the carbamates increasing their half-life time in the presence of basic conditions This will be very helpful to understand carbofuran behaviour in the analytical, agro-environmental and food areas. We greatly appreciated the interaction with the editor and the editorial team; we were particularly well accompanied during the course of the revision process, since all various steps towards publication were short and without delay".
I would like to express my gratitude towards you process of article review and submission. I found this to be very fair and expedient. Your follow up has been excellent. I have many publications in national and international journal and your process has been one of the best so far. Keep up the great work.
We are grateful for this opportunity to provide a glowing recommendation to the Journal of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy. We found that the editorial team were very supportive, helpful, kept us abreast of timelines and over all very professional in nature. The peer review process was rigorous, efficient and constructive that really enhanced our article submission. The experience with this journal remains one of our best ever and we look forward to providing future submissions in the near future.
I am very pleased to serve as EBM of the journal, I hope many years of my experience in stem cells can help the journal from one way or another. As we know, stem cells hold great potential for regenerative medicine, which are mostly used to promote the repair response of diseased, dysfunctional or injured tissue using stem cells or their derivatives. I think Stem Cell Research and Therapeutics International is a great platform to publish and share the understanding towards the biology and translational or clinical application of stem cells.
I would like to give my testimony in the support I have got by the peer review process and to support the editorial office where they were of asset to support young author like me to be encouraged to publish their work in your respected journal and globalize and share knowledge across the globe. I really give my great gratitude to your journal and the peer review including the editorial office.
I am delighted to publish our manuscript entitled "A Perspective on Cocaine Induced Stroke - Its Mechanisms and Management" in the Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. The peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal are excellent. The manuscripts published are of high quality and of excellent scientific value. I recommend this journal very much to colleagues.
Dr.Tania Muñoz, My experience as researcher and author of a review article in The Journal Clinical Cardiology and Interventions has been very enriching and stimulating. The editorial team is excellent, performs its work with absolute responsibility and delivery. They are proactive, dynamic and receptive to all proposals. Supporting at all times the vast universe of authors who choose them as an option for publication. The team of review specialists, members of the editorial board, are brilliant professionals, with remarkable performance in medical research and scientific methodology. Together they form a frontline team that consolidates the JCCI as a magnificent option for the publication and review of high-level medical articles and broad collective interest. I am honored to be able to share my review article and open to receive all your comments.
“The peer review process of JPMHC is quick and effective. Authors are benefited by good and professional reviewers with huge experience in the field of psychology and mental health. The support from the editorial office is very professional. People to contact to are friendly and happy to help and assist any query authors might have. Quality of the Journal is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on mental health that is useful for other professionals in the field”.
Dear editorial department: On behalf of our team, I hereby certify the reliability and superiority of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews in the peer review process, editorial support, and journal quality. Firstly, the peer review process of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is rigorous, fair, transparent, fast, and of high quality. The editorial department invites experts from relevant fields as anonymous reviewers to review all submitted manuscripts. These experts have rich academic backgrounds and experience, and can accurately evaluate the academic quality, originality, and suitability of manuscripts. The editorial department is committed to ensuring the rigor of the peer review process, while also making every effort to ensure a fast review cycle to meet the needs of authors and the academic community. Secondly, the editorial team of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is composed of a group of senior scholars and professionals with rich experience and professional knowledge in related fields. The editorial department is committed to assisting authors in improving their manuscripts, ensuring their academic accuracy, clarity, and completeness. Editors actively collaborate with authors, providing useful suggestions and feedback to promote the improvement and development of the manuscript. We believe that the support of the editorial department is one of the key factors in ensuring the quality of the journal. Finally, the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is renowned for its high- quality articles and strict academic standards. The editorial department is committed to publishing innovative and academically valuable research results to promote the development and progress of related fields. The International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is reasonably priced and ensures excellent service and quality ratio, allowing authors to obtain high-level academic publishing opportunities in an affordable manner. I hereby solemnly declare that the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews has a high level of credibility and superiority in terms of peer review process, editorial support, reasonable fees, and journal quality. Sincerely, Rui Tao.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions I testity the covering of the peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal.
